tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56564277071443290842024-02-22T00:30:49.880+08:00林火旺的個人網站Huo-Wang Lin's Homepage林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.comBlogger118125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-8340667009679877912013-02-20T11:00:00.003+08:002013-02-20T11:00:23.633+08:00101下課程 - 德行倫理學<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">學年度第二學期「德行倫理學」課程大綱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">講座:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">林火旺教授<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">每星期三<span lang="EN-GB">14:20-15:10</span>、星期四<span lang="EN-GB">9</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">:10-10:00</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">或另約。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室及聯絡電話:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">水源校區哲學系館四樓,<span lang="EN-GB">33663408 <b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">E-mail:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:hwlin@ntu.edu.tw"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1012virtueethics</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程介紹<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,規範倫理學最重要的主張有三:效益主義、康德倫理學和德行倫理學。前兩者通常被稱為“規則倫理學”或“行為倫理學”,因為它們關注道德行為和規則;相對的,德行倫理學則被稱為“行為者倫理學”,它重視的是行為者的動機和品格。德行倫理學最早可以追溯到古希臘,但這類學說在當代並沒有受到重視,主宰當代的道德理論則是效益主義和康德倫理學,直到二十世紀後期,由於學者對規則倫理學的批判,才使德行倫理學重新受到重視。有關德行倫理學的著作在近年來不斷增加,本課程主要是審視德行倫理學近年來的發展,並兼顧它和其它倫理學理論之間的互動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. Aristotle, <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. Robert M. Adams, <i>A Theory of Virtue</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. Julia Annas, <i>The Morality of Happiness</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教材:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">Rosalind Hursthouse, <i>On Virtue
Ethics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">課程評量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課堂參與和表現</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">﹪</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期末報告</span><span lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">﹪</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程進度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. 2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:課程介紹及導論</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. 2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Julia Annas, “Making Sense of My Life as a Whole”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Julia Annas, “The Virtues”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Julia Annas, “The Virtues”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">5. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Julia Annas, “The Virtues”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">6. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Introduction & Chapter 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">7. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:放假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">8. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 2 & 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">9. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 4 & 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">10. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 6 & 7 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">11. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">12. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">13. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">14. 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><i><span lang="EN-US">On Virtue Ethics</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, Chapter 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">15. 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Adams, “Moral Inconsistency”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">16. 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Adams, “Moral Frailty and Moral Luck”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">17. 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:端午節放假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">18. 6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Adams, “Do the Virtues All Imply Each Other?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-36549560369906796892013-02-20T10:59:00.002+08:002013-05-23T19:03:34.461+08:00101下課程 - 自由主義<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">學年度第二學期「自由主義」課程大綱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">授課教師:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">林火旺 教授<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週三<span lang="EN-US">14:20-15:10</span>、週四<span lang="EN-US">9:10-10:00</span>或另約<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">研究室:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">水源校區</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">哲學系館四樓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聯絡電話:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">3366-3408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">E-mail</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">林火旺教授的個人網站:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">http://ntuhwlin.blogspot.com/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「自由主義」<span lang="EN-US">CEIBA</span>課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1012_liberalism<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">教學助理、<span lang="EN-US">E-mail</span>、研究室時間與地點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">陳煥民
<span lang="EN-US">d99124007@ntu.edu.tw </span>週一<span lang="EN-US">13:00-15:00 </span>哲學系館一樓研究生室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">賴天恆
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:d00124005@ntu.edu.tw"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">d00124005@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週五<span lang="EN-US">10:00-12:00 </span>哲學系館一樓研究生室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">黃豊祐
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:r01124005@ntu.edu.tw"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">r01124005@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週三<span lang="EN-US">14:00-16:00 </span>哲學系館一樓研究生室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程概述<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我國的憲政體制是一個自由主義式的民主政治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(liberal democracy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這是自由主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(liberalism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和民主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(democracy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結合而成的政治體制。「自由主義」重視的是自由的價值和個人權利,而「民主」則強調平等和自我統治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(self-governance)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,理論上這兩個概念並不是完全相容的,也就是說「自由」和「民主」並不是永遠一致的價值,有可能產生衝突。「民主」重視個人的平等性,以及每一個人掌理自己未來前途的決策權,所以「多數決」就是其最高原則。然而多數可能欺壓少數而形成「多數暴力」,因此自由主義所重視的個人自由和權利,就是民主多數決的限制。因此,當代的民主政治將自由主義的精神和民主決策結合,其實會產生許多的問題,目前我國在政治領域所出現的種種失序現象,都和此一政治體制的內在邏輯相關。如果要培養合格的民主公民,對於自由主義的理解是不可或缺的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由主義誕生在十六、七世紀,雖然自由主義傳統只有數百年,但是隨著時代和環境的差異,產生許多自由主義版本,本課程不是歷史性的而是觀念性的探討,主要的焦點是自由主義的基本概念。本課程首先介紹古典自由主義大師約翰‧彌勒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(John Stuart Mill)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的經典名著《論自由》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(On Liberty)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;當代自由主義則以羅爾斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(John
Rawls)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1971</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《正義論》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(A
Theory of Justice)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">為主軸</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,中間穿插當代重要的自由主義理論家的著作。最後以自由主義的公民教育與公民德行議題結束。事實上,在台灣這個以自由主義立基的民主社會中,國人普遍對「公民應該是什麼樣的面貌?」這個問題缺乏瞭解,本課程希望在這方面對同學的理解有所助益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程目標<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程希望透過理論的研讀以及實際議題的分組報告與討論,使同學對自由主義的政治體制有所理解,並凸顯自由民主社會所需要的公民及其應具備的德行。認真學習和充分理解本課程相關內容的同學,應該可以將課堂所學加以應用,檢視當前我國在實際政治上的根本問題,並藉以培養民主社會的公民所應該具有的德行及涵養。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程要求</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上課以講述為主,課堂嚴格禁止私下講話,但歡迎同學針對有疑問的地方發問,或對有興趣的話題進行討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程嚴格評量學生成績,不願意投入較多心血學習或喜歡蹺課的同學,都不適合選修這門課。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">教材<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">.</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, <em>On Liberty</em>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill
Educational Publishing, 1956.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(向雙葉書局集體訂購,每本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他上課教材選自各學者於專書或期刊中發表的論文,以印製講義的方式發放。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1.Rawls, John. <i>A Theory of
Justice</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2.Rawls, John. <i>Political
Liberalism</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">3.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">但昭偉</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">譯述,</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《重讀彌爾的「自由論」》(</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">John Stuart Mill on liberty</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">台北:學富文化,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林火旺,《正義與公民:自由主義的觀點》,宜蘭:佛光人文社會學院出版,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林火旺,《道德──幸福的必要條件》,寳瓶文化出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">成績評量方式與評分標準<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1.</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成績評量</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比重</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期中考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,期末考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">45%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,個人作業佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,分組報告佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">10%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2.</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個人作業說明</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程會指定一次個人作業。作業須以電腦繕打,撰寫長度以一頁為原則,並於指定期限內</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課程網頁。<b>逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</b>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3.</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分組報告說明</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有學生分為</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組(每組</span><span lang="EN-US">13-14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人),各組須挑選</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個政治議題或事件作為報告主題,並利用本課程講授的理論知識,分析與反思在這個議題或事件中的作為是否符合自由主義民主政治的精神</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。除了在課堂上進行</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分鐘的口頭報告外,各組亦須在口頭報告結束後兩週內將完整的小組報告檔案</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課程網頁,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">撰寫長度以三頁為原則。此外,在口頭報告時也會邀請各組對其他小組的表現進行票選,以提高學生參與程度。</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4.</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評分標準</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">考試與作業的評分標準包括對主題的正確詮釋、論證的正確性與說服力、批判反省與問題提出、表達的清晰流暢性。分組報告之評分標準除上述以外,還包括選題的適當性、運用課堂講授理論知識之程度、個人參與小組討論與負責之程度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">未參與小組討論或不負責任的組員將無法獲得分組報告的成績</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每週教學進度</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">21</span>日:課程介紹及導論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week1%20-%20intro.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日:和平紀念日放假<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">7</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>, Chapter 1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week3%20-%20On%20liberty%201.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">14</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>,
Chapter 2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week4%20-%20On%20Liberty%202.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">21</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>,
Chapter 3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week5%20-%20On%20Liberty%203.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>,
Chapter 4 & 5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week6%20-%20On%20Liberty%204-5.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">4</span>日:清明節放假<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">11</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Jeremy Waldron, “Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week8%20-%20Theoretical%20foundations%20of%20liberalism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">18</span>日:期中考試<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">25</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week10%20-%20Two%20Concepts%20of%20Liberty.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">2</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week11%20-%20Rawls.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">16</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Rawls, “The Definition and Justification of Civil Disobedience”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week13%20-%20Rawls2.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">23</span>日:</span><span lang="EN-US">William Galston, “Two Concepts of Liberalism”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/a034f7/content/week14%20-%20Two%20concepts%20of%20liberalism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">30</span>日:分組報告<span lang="EN-US">I<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">6</span>日:分組報告<span lang="EN-US">II<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">13</span>日:自由社會的品德教育<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">月<span lang="EN-US">20</span>日:期末考試</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-22508245742534620002013-02-20T10:58:00.002+08:002013-05-23T18:51:30.785+08:00101下課程 - 倫理學<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">學年度第二學期「倫理學」課程大綱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">講座:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">林火旺教授<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">每星期三<span lang="EN-GB">14:20-15:10</span>、星期四<span lang="EN-GB">9</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">:10-10:00</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">或另約。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室及聯絡電話:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">水源校區哲學系館四樓,<span lang="EN-GB">33663408 <b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">E-mail:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:hwlin@ntu.edu.tw"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1012ethics">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1012ethics</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">教學助理:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:%E9%99%B3%E7%85%A5%E6%B0%91d99124007@ntu.edu.tw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span lang="EN-US">陳煥民</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">d99124007@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">週一<span lang="EN-GB"> 10:00-12:00</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">討論課程要求、評分與注意事項<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1)個人作業</span><span lang="EN-US">(20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:本學期共有四次個人作業,每次作業佔學期總成績</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分,共</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分。作業請以電腦繕打,字形為新細明體</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號字,字數請勿少於</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字,並須於指定期限內繳交給助教。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2)出缺席情形:修課同學應按規定準時出席並踴躍參與討論。助教每周討論課皆會點名,整學期缺席三次以內皆不扣分,第四次無故缺席扣總分</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程進度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">M. Stocker, “The Schizophrenia of
Modern Ethical Theories”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/The%20Schizophrenia%20of%20Modern%20Ethical%20Theories.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Aristotle, “The Ethics of Virtue”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Aristotle.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Aristotle, “The Ethics of Virtue”</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US">4. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Susan
Wolf, “Moral Saints” & Louis Pojman, “In Defense of Moral Saints”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/moral%20saints.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">5. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert
Adams, “Moral Frailty and Moral Luck”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Moral%20Frailty%20and%20Moral%20Luck.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">6. 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Louis
Pojman, “A Critique of Ethical Relativism”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/relativism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">7. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:溫書假</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US">8. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Gilbert
Harman, “Moral Relativism Defended”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Harman.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">9. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:期中考試</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US">10. 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">David
Hume, “On Reason and the Emotions”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Hume.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">11. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">G. E.
Moore, “Goodness as Simple and Indefinable”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/moore.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">12. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">A. J.
Ayer, “Emotivism”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Ayer.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US">13. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Hare,
“Prescriptivism: The Structure of Ethics and Morals”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Hare.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">14. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">22</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;">James Rachels, “Naturalism”</span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/d64aa6/content/Naturalism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">15. 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">John
Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">16. 6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">John
Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">17. 6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify;">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:端午節放假</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">18. 6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:期末考試</span></div>
</div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-3980134141593220202013-01-11T18:35:00.004+08:002013-01-11T18:35:59.560+08:00時論 - 錢買不到幸福<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聯合報報導,企業界人士打算邀請不丹卸任官員來台,為台灣找回「幸福」的氛圍。這些企業家的用心值得稱許,但作法值得商榷,因為他們把「幸福」問題過度簡化。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年英國學者針對全世界幸福調查的研究顯示,最幸福的國家是丹麥,其中最令人驚訝的是喜馬拉雅山下的小國不丹,排名第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>。根據《商業周刊》的報導,不丹追求的是快樂成長力,而不是經濟成長率,不丹人民每年的平均所得是<span lang="EN-US">1400</span>美元,但是<span lang="EN-US">97%</span>的人表示自己快樂。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也許這就是企業界人士想向不丹取經的原因,但是他們忘了聯合報去年五月十九日的的另一則報導,<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年不丹的“國民幸福指數”調查,只有<span lang="EN-US">41</span>﹪的人稱得上快樂。為何短短六年不丹人民的快樂指數下降了一倍以上?不丹總理接受訪問時表示,這是經濟富裕帶來物欲增加,使人民逐漸背離傳統價值觀的結果。而<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年的不丹人民為何比較快樂?當時不丹的內政部長表示:「真正有品質的生活,不是生活在高物質享受的地方,而是擁有豐富的精神層面與文化」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不丹不再快樂了,原因是經濟發展。諷刺的是,台灣卻把經濟發展當成惟一最重要的事。如果有錢能夠保證幸福,台灣目前最幸福的人應該是全台首富的蔡衍明,而且我們也可以按照財富,將全國人列出一張「幸福排行榜」,但這顯然是荒的謬。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣曾經有過幸福的氛圍,那就是蔣經國先生執政時期,蔣經國先生創造了所謂的「經濟奇蹟」,但是經濟奇蹟和社會幸福感之間的關係,重點不是經濟,而是「奇蹟」,在一個高度經濟發展的階段,蔣經國同時創造了一個貧富差距最小的社會,那才是「奇蹟」。這個奇蹟才是當時台灣社會普遍洋溢著希望,人民充滿自信和幸福感的關鍵,當時的國民所得只有現在的十分之一,但人民活得比現在幸福。只顧經濟發展而忽視社會正義,造就了今天台灣社會的貧富差距擴大,相對剝奪感增加,社會充滿對立、仇恨和不安,所以家家戶戶不是鐵窗就是保全,台北市的每一條街道處處佈滿了監視器,道德低落、犯罪率上升,這樣的社會怎麼會幸福?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">企業界人士如果真要取經,對象應該是丹麥,丹麥不但是全世界最幸福國家,而且也是一個經濟發展成熟的國家。丹麥為何能做到?丹麥人民平均稅率約<span lang="EN-US">40</span>﹣<span lang="EN-US">50</span>﹪,當記者在街頭訪問丹麥人民,為何願意繳那麼高的稅時,受訪者表示,他不願意看到路上有一名窮人。相對的,根據財政部的數據,台灣有錢人繳稅的比例並不高,<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>年的<span lang="EN-US">40</span>名巨富中,有<span lang="EN-US">8</span>人一毛錢都不必繳。有錢人拼命設法節稅,窮人三餐難繼,這樣的社會怎麼可能會有幸福的氛圍?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幸福的關鍵在人民的品德和價值觀,希臘哲學家亞里斯多德指出,倫理學最核心的問題是:人應該怎麼活?他認為,忽視道德就是忽視幸福最穩定的必要元素。一個只重視金錢、缺乏深思、不重視哲學的社會,很難找到通往幸福的鎖鑰,因為只有錢,絕對買不到幸福。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(聯合報,<span lang="EN-US">2013.1.10.</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-18759454350343003162013-01-09T08:27:00.002+08:002013-01-09T08:27:17.569+08:00時論 - 理性面對死刑存廢問題<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年三月,主張廢除死刑的法務部長王清峰,因為不願意執行死刑,在輿論的龐大壓力下請辭獲准;最近法務部一口氣槍決六名死刑犯,再度引發死刑存廢議題的討論。事實上死刑存廢、安樂死、墮胎等,長久以來都是應用倫理學上極具爭議性的問題,到現在為止,正反雙方的辯論仍在持續當中,並沒有任何一方提出具有壓倒性的論證。所以死刑存廢與否,其實是一個值得理性思辨的問題,但是遺憾的是,在我們社會對這個問題發表意見者,情緒性的成分往往多於理性。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有人以“台灣有八成的民眾反對廢除死刑”為由,反對廢除死刑。民意當然是政策或立法的主要依據,但是“民意如流水”表示民意不但經常變動,而且有時候多數民意不一定是正確的。民意會改變,同性戀似乎是最好的例子,<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年前台灣社會對同性戀普遍是反感的,同性戀者必須承受各種醜化、污名化和異樣的眼光。但是社會逐漸開放以後,現在的同性戀者不但不會受到太多的歧視,甚至同性戀婚姻也已經得到相當程度的社會認可。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於多數意見不一定正確也不難理解,如果一項民意調查的題目是:「年所得高於八百萬者才需要繳稅,政府所需要的稅收完全由繳稅者按所得比例分攤」,這項調查一定超過八成的支持度,因為台灣年所得超過八百萬的人口不到<span lang="EN-US">20</span>﹪。但是這顯然是一個不正義的政策。事實民主國家雖然施政以民意為依歸,但是如果人民普遍缺乏公共精神,不負責任的多數會做出為自己減稅、不補助弱勢的決定,換句話說,民主多數的決策的結果,有可能對自己和下一代都是災難。因此自由主義學者一再強調,有遠見的政治家需要努力的是:縮短民意和明智決策之間的差距。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">死刑存廢是一個嚴肅的問題,需要以理性的方式面對。事實上台灣大多數人對這個問題的看法,多數是憑個人感覺,缺少學理上的探究和思辨,包括王建煊院長的談話,除了他多了一個政治頭銜之外,其實他的見解和鄉野草民並無二致。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這幾年我在台大開了一門「道德推理」的通識課,上半學期的內容是倫理學理論,下半學期介紹應用倫理學的議題。王清峰辭職引發我一個構想,就是除了上課之外,我把應用倫理學中的三個主題當成學生辯論的題材,其中一個就是死刑存廢。修課學生約<span lang="EN-US">160</span>人,在開學選課人數確定後,我就將學生分成六組,每兩組針對一個議題進行正反雙方的角色扮演。所以學生在學期初就知道自己辯論的主題、立場,也開始進行資料的搜集和組員的討論。辯論的進行被安排在我對該議題的講述後的一週,也就是說我會對每一個議題在學術上正反論證先做介紹,下週就讓學生針對該議題進行辯論,在學生辯論完之後,由全班同學進行投票,選出他們認為勝利的一方。連續兩年來,針對死刑問題一共進行的四次辯論,投票結果都是支持廢除死刑的獲勝。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我自己研究倫理學理論多年,投入應用倫理議題的時間並不多,因此對於死刑存廢這個議題所閱讀的文獻仍然有限,如果真要問我到底贊成還是反對,以我目前的學養大概只能說:我比較傾向某一方,但我絕對不敢說另一方一定是錯的。事實上從我上課的實際經驗顯示,儘管台灣有接近八成的人反對廢除死刑,但是學生在經過研究之後,多數人卻認為廢除死刑比較有道理。此一有限樣本的實證結果,並不能因此證明我們應該廢除死刑,但至少證明深思熟慮的決定不一定和民意一致,也證明處理這個充滿情緒性的議題,應該需要更多的理性。(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012.12.26</span>)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-86415340468277978692012-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:002012-11-27T16:00:00.321+08:00時論 - 國片最需要的是思想深度<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第四十九屆金馬獎典禮剛落幕,台灣在大獎上只得到“最佳女主角”一個獎項,表現遠遠不如香港和大陸;而且根據媒體報導,評審將這個獎項頒給桂綸美,主要是因為她的演出橫跨三個年齡層、演技突出。所以如果撇開個人表演的因素,這次金馬獎的結果顯示,台灣電影在內容上幾乎乏善可陳。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國片的問題可以說是冰凍三尺非一日之寒,我在三十年前擔任民生報記者的時候,曾經採訪當時所謂的“學苑影展”。這個活動由新聞局舉辦,目的就是因為當時國片市場低迷,年輕人不愛看,為了振興國片,所以除了在大學校園免費放映之外,在影片結束時還邀請電影導演及當紅演員和學生座談。三十年過去了,雖然這幾年的國片市場有回溫的現象,但是相較於好來塢的電影仍然望塵莫及。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">採訪“學苑影展”,使我有機會接觸和認識李行、白景瑞等大導演,曾經和他們深入探討國片的問題,從我這些年觀察國片現在的處境,幾乎和三十年前如出一轍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然台灣市場較小是國片先天上的限制,但是如果好來塢電影可以在台灣大賣,為何我們的電影無法在世界各國行銷?三十年前台灣和大陸兩岸隔絕,現在卻可以擁有整個大陸市場,為何仍然做不出好成績?當然這裡面的原因千頭萬緒,但我認為關鍵在於整個藝文環境欠缺思想的深度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年輕人最愛看的電視節目“康熙來了”,節目內容呈現的大部分是無聊話題、低俗笑話,而以插科打諢、揭人隱私為樂的節目更是幾近泛濫。當然有人可能認為:看電視不就是為了娛樂,何必太嚴肅?但是娛樂可以低級也可以高級,國外有些電影或電視影集可以叫好又叫座就是這個道理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不論電視、電影或小說,所有感人的作品最後一定觸及深層的人性,換句話說,由於人性在某些部分是不變的,動人心弦的故事永遠都是由相同的元素組合而成。以現在多元活潑的社會環境,藝文界人士絕對不缺創意,編故事的能力是創意,但是只會編故事,可能結果是劇情曲折,但一點也不令人感動;只有對人性深度有所掌握的人,才能說出令人感動的故事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我看過大陸拍的“人在冏途”,這個故事的小人物呈現的其實是極稀鬆平常的道理,但是在中國社會那樣晦暗的環境中反而散發出光芒。中國大陸是從同胞的折磨和苦難生活中擠壓出智慧,而我們長期以來過於安逸的生活,反而使我們失去深層思考的能力。所以我認為整個台灣電影界癥結在此,一個不具有深刻思想能力的電影人,如何製作出觸動人心的電影?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">市場規模太小、資金不足、政府鼓勵政策不佳,經常是電影工作者卸責的藉口,但是電影人有沒有想過:好來塢的製作人有得到政府的獎勵金嗎?成功的電影需要結合各種專業,電影人必須比一般人用功、對人性比一般人更敏銳的觀察和理解。我們的編劇一定讀過一些文學作品,但是他們讀過哲學嗎?他們知不知道哲學所探討的,才涉及最深的人性?難道幾千年來那麼多偉大的思想家在思索生命的道理,我們的電影工作者居然可以置若罔聞嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在一個不重視哲學思考的社會,文藝作品也很難具有深度。人類的生老病死、憂苦愁煩,在每一個時代都同樣的上演,生命的故事幾乎千篇一律,但是能從平凡中看到偉大的元素是智慧。國片提升,需要的就是智慧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012.11.26.</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-60239123172736370412012-11-12T17:03:00.002+08:002012-11-12T17:03:50.514+08:00時論 - 公德心展現文明的程度<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這兩年到大陸講學,坦白說對大陸人民的公德心印象並不好。公德心簡單地說,就是在公共領域的行為會考慮到別人。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">去年我在武漢的一所著名大學講學,在校園內經常聽到此起彼落的汽車喇叭聲;穿過校園的道路必須小心,因為疾駛的車子完全不會禮讓行人。今年七月在瀋陽,子夜時分還可以聽到酒店外面的喇叭聲。搭飛機到大陸的經驗更是印象深刻,飛機上旁若無人,聊天聲彷彿在菜市場一樣的嘈雜;一個小孩基於好玩,不停地按請求服務的燈號,玩心太強的童稚也就算了,令我驚訝的是,在旁的父母對空服員的苦口婆心置若罔聞;飛機落地尚在滑行,已經有人解除安全帶、打開手機,完全不理廣播中的警告。其它如排隊插隊、不遵守交通號誌、行人任意穿越馬路、隨地吐痰、亂丟煙蒂,更是隨處可見,這些場景讓我好像回到二、三十年前的台灣社會。二十多年前我在美國求學時,從美國要回台灣探望親人,從美國飛東京的機上鴉雀無聲;從東京轉機飛台北,機上就像菜市場。當然台灣現在仍然有缺徳鬼,但普遍來說缺少公德心的人在台灣是相對的少數。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "儷黑 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷黑 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷黑 Pro";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大陸這些年經濟突飛猛進,人民生活富裕了,但是一個人或社會的文明象徵不只是外在的光鮮亮麗,而是人民展現的內在氣質,公德心可以展現出一個人或社會的文明程度。自私一點都不難,因為自私是人類很強的劣根性,難的是不自私,所以表現自私行為不必費吹灰之力,而表現自制、為他人設想的公德心,才是文明人的作為。德國哲學家康德認為,人有欲望和理性,用通俗的說法就是人有獸性(欲望),也有人性(理性)。自私自利、趨利避害呈現的就是人的獸性,所以自私是人和動物共通的本性;而人性則表現在凡事考慮到別人的道德行為,這也是區別人和動物不同的關鍵。所以自私的人,只發揮了人的生物性本能,嚴格說不是完整的人,而比較像聰明的動物;只有從事道德行為、會為他人設想的人才是真正的人,因為選擇一個對自己不一定有利、但對別人有利的行為,才是使人成為具有尊嚴的存在者,也是文明的表徵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">換句話說,“文明”與“野蠻”的分野在於:是否意識到別人也是人,有沒有把別人當“人”看待,而不只是自己的工具。所以目中無人、凡事只考慮自己利益的人,等於還活在蠻荒時代,他的文明程度有待提升。事實上缺乏文明的人即使全身穿金戴銀,也不能掩飾內在的粗俗,因為他的一舉一動都會洩露出文明的程度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最近台灣的媒體報導,許多大陸觀光客常去的夜市,水果的價格比外面貴好幾倍,這些生意人存心佔陸客的便宜,這表示自私貪婪的人到處都有,任何社會都有好人,也有壞人,只是比例多少而已。值得慶幸的是,這個新聞揭露以後,大部分台灣人的反應是:真丟臉。當社會上大多數人對缺乏公德產生羞恥心的時候,違反公德的人會遭受很大的心裡壓力,“千夫所指,無病而死”的道德力量有時候比法律制裁更有效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">任何一個經濟表現卓越、物質豐厚的社會,最需要擔心的是人的自私心也同時受到激勵,這時候要維持一個進步、穩定的社會,需要加倍關注公德心的培養。因為公德心多寡不只代表一個社會文明的程度,更重要的是外人對該社會人民的評價,這涉及到國家尊嚴和人民自信心,絕對不能等閒視之。
如果哪一天人們普遍會因為隨地吐痰、亂丟垃圾、闖紅燈被發現而感到丟臉,那時候的中國人就可以在世界抬頭挺胸! <span lang="EN-US">(11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">8</span>日<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年南方周末<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "儷黑 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷黑 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷黑 Pro";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-82922066765193458982012-10-31T16:00:00.001+08:002012-10-31T16:00:24.512+08:00時論 - 世風日下,人心不古? 根據媒體報導,中央大學規定學生不能穿拖鞋上課,引來社會熱烈討論。支持者認為,學生上課穿拖鞋是對老師不尊重,而且也違反一般公共禮儀,在公共場所任何一個國民都應該具有一些基本禮節;反對者則認為,天氣炎熱或下雨天,穿拖鞋比較舒適,衣著和對老師是否尊敬無關。從常理來推論,支持上課禁穿拖鞋的,應該是年長者居多;而反對者應該大部分是年輕學生。<br />
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我們從小常常聽到“世風日下,人心不老”,通常都是老一輩看不慣年輕人的作為,感嘆社會道德逐漸敗壞的一句話。現在的老一輩過去也年輕過,當他們年輕的時候,一定也“離經叛道”過,對老一輩的責怪,也一定認為老傢伙太保守了,他們看不順眼的行為並不是不道德。同樣的,現在的年輕人心中的想法大概也是如此,覺得反對上課穿拖鞋的人,一定是思想保守、食古不化的老頭子。<br />
老一輩看不慣年輕人的生活習慣,似乎是人類生活中的一個常態,除非時代停止不動,或者風俗習慣永遠不變,否則“世風日下,人心不古”這句話大概會在長者口中不斷出現,其實它所代表的可能只是世代之間的差距,而不是社會道德日漸沈淪、一代不如一代。<br />
如果道德真的一代不如一代,我們現在應該已經淪落到野蠻人的狀態,但事實不然,我們的社會感人的故事時有所聞。基本上我認為學生穿拖鞋上課,應該和對老師是否尊重無關。有一次我和兒子騎腳踏車去吃飯,當車子停在路口等紅燈時,我才發現兒子穿著藍白拖,我立刻告訴他說這樣穿不合適,這違反公共禮節。他完全不認為如此,他說這是他自己的事,又沒有影響到別人,別人如果看了不習慣,那是他家的事,他不能為了別人的價值觀而改變自己。後來我只好說,我和一個穿拖鞋的人在一起感覺很不舒服,他的回應是:下次和我出門不穿拖鞋就是了。所以我相信所有穿拖鞋上課的學生和我兒子一樣,心中並沒有侮辱老師的意思。<br />
穿拖鞋上課為何會引發爭論?這是集體主義和個人主義價值觀的差異。傳統農業社會是一個集體主義的社會,所以重視群體紀律,所以學生上課穿拖鞋對老一輩的簡直是不可思議;而現代自由民主社會則是個人主義的社會,所以重視個人的自主決定,只要不影響別人,個人有選擇自己生活方式的自由。學生顯然認為,穿拖鞋上課是他的自由選擇權,別人不應該干涉。<br />
然而自由社會雖然尊重個人的自主和自由選擇,公共禮儀並不是不重要。十九世紀英國哲學家約翰彌勒在他的《論自由》一書中指出,所謂公共禮儀就是那些在私下可以做,但在公開卻不可以的行為。譬如:洗澡時一定要脫光衣服,但是脫光衣服這個行為只能出現家裡,卻不能在家門口。<br />
那穿拖鞋上課是否違反公共禮儀?我的答案是肯定的,但是同時我也認為學生不以為然的責任在我們,因為我們的社會只有在制度上是自由化了,而在有關自由的心靈教育上完全沒有做好,絕大多數人對自由主義一知半解,因此學生以為只要他的行為沒有影響到別人,就是他的自由。說穿了,我們整個社會對“自由”的認知,只停留在字面的層次。如果政治人物、大學教授對“自由”都沒有真正地瞭解,如何說服學生穿拖鞋上課不是他的自由?<br />
當大部分學生以為穿拖鞋出現在公共場所沒什麼時,我對兒子的說理也失去應有的功能,因為理論很難抵擋同儕壓力和流行意見。當社會這種“民粹”意識當道時,合理的要求也變成不合理,這是才是“自由”社會最大的敵人!(人間福報,10月25日,2012)
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-6396482646997128742012-10-03T15:27:00.000+08:002012-10-03T15:27:11.816+08:00時論 - 品德怎麼教<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今年暑假,我用「台北市新生代基金會」的名義,舉辦一個四天三夜的高中生品德營。營隊結束時,所有參與這個活動的老師、學生都心情亢奮,許多學生甚至要求下次再來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們的做法是透過思辨的方式進行品德教育,我們把參加的八十九位學生分成八組,然後把這次操作的八個品德:容忍、感恩、自制、正義、尊重、自主、理性、勇氣,設立為八個哲學咖啡館,每一個咖啡館由一位高中老師和一位台大哲學研究所的研究生主持,每一組學生都要經過這八個咖啡館,針對咖啡館的主題進行九十分鐘的討論。當然我們在營隊前的籌備會議中,就將每一個德目的內容和可能產生的問題,進行教案的討論和撰寫,每一組學生在進行中所提出的新問題,也可以使館主們修正下一組進行時的討論內容和方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這樣的品德教育有兩個特點:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)它有別於傳統由上往下的道德教育,而是由學生自己提出問題;(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)它透過思辨讓學生理解品德存在的意義和價值,所以學生對品德的掌握是透過說理,而不是說教。其實道德的深層意義本來就和人生的價值密切相關,所以當學生對每一個品德深入思索以後,就比較能理解和體會為什麼爭名逐利不能使人生幸福;甚至我們觀察到,有些學生從進來到出去,整個價值觀有了明顯的改變。事實上這次活動可以說是把哲學系必修課「倫理學」世俗化,使道德教育進入到哲學層次。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我相信國內沒有人用這種方式教道德,因為國內從事品德教育的幾乎都不是倫理學研究者。教育部雖然很認真在從事品德教育,但是作法上幾乎都是活動式、業績式、教條式,所以推動的結果各級學校為了「辦活動」、繳交活動成果報告的表報文書忙得雞飛狗跳,而且經常的作法就是找幾個名人演講,或辦一個品德週,宣示的意義大於實質。難道開學日穿粉紅色衣服宣示反霸凌,霸凌就消失了嗎?所以教育部的問題在於:不知道品德不是所有人都能教,也不知道品德教育如何教、教什麼。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">民間當然也有許多團體在從事倫理道德教育,譬如:張榮發基金會的「道德」月刊,透過說故事的方式教品德,這樣的教育方式主要是動之以情,然而即使感人的故事確實可以打動人心,但是面對錯誤價值觀瀰漫的社會,大多數人即使心有所動,也常常經不起社會現實的腐蝕,因為感動是一時的,而生活是現實、持久的,所以道德很難在人的心靈中長駐。事實上目前社會團體所進行的倫理教育,都是靠零星的活動串起來,缺乏系統性的道德思考,所以往往無法抵擋現實社會功利主義、唯利是圖價值觀的摧殘。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">長期研究倫理學和關心社會的結果,促成我們這次的高中生品德營,當然我的經費全部來自瞭解我、肯定我做法的企業界朋友。由於這次營隊效果非常正面,我說服企業家朋友寒假也可以辦,於是我們現在已經在籌劃明年初的第二次營隊。其實我如果能夠募到更多的款項,我希望不只是每年寒暑假各辦一次,暑假也可以辦兩梯次,甚至可以到中南部、花東去辦。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我認為投注品德教育比慈善活動重要,社會出了問題,需要慈善救濟,而慈善救濟需要人們有愛心;而一個比較有品德的社會,愛心會比較多,而且這樣的社會也比較不容易出問題。因此品德教育才是本,而哲學的理性思辨則是品德教育不可或缺的工具。再強調一次:道德應該是說理,而不是說教!(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">1</span>日)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-2715167735126614192012-09-18T17:17:00.002+08:002012-09-18T17:17:22.837+08:00時論 - 道德教化,有心就有力<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">連續幾篇以道德教育對抗貪腐文章,引來讀者不少的討論,相當多讀者認為,防治貪腐的方法就是建立民主監督的制度,以大陸目前的發展階段,這個想法我完全可以理解,但問題是:誰來建立民主制度?人民如何獲得權力?現在擁有權力的人有什麼理由把權力交出來?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">從讀者的反應中,沒有人提出任何一個方法或步驟,使自己口中的制度能夠實現,如果只是期待民主制度,卻完全沒有可以實踐的方式,很難具有說服力。在防治貪腐上我認為道德是根本有三點理由:(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)任何制度(包括防貪)的訂定源自權力,有權力者如果沒有道德,他們所製訂的制度只會圖利自己;(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)即使決定制度者具有道德良心,設計一套可以有效監督制衡的制度,但是執行制度的是人,執法者如果缺德,有可能出現官官相護、同流合污的貪腐集團;(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)所謂“法治”不只是一套完善的法律,而是政府和多數人民普遍遵守和服從法律,所以法治國家的關鍵是守法。然而知法不一定守法,守法是一種道德表現。因此任何民主監督機制的良好運作,預設人民守法的品德,否則只能說是民主“制度化”,但不是民主的“實現”,因此道德是制度的根本。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">許多讀者對民主制度防治貪腐過於樂觀,菲律賓是一個民主國家,但是她的貪腐應該更甚於中國;新加坡的民主化程度不如台灣,但是新加坡的貪腐沒有台灣嚴重。新加坡的嚴刑罰在當代可能不足為訓,然而拿新加坡和菲律賓比較可以凸顯“民主”和“防貪”沒有必然的因果關係。當然民主的好處不在於此,可是國人比較不熟悉的是:民主政治的好處和道德相關,因為民主和法治是一體的兩面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">如果實踐是檢驗真理的一個好方法, 我的親身經驗可以證明“民主不是萬靈丹”。
我不只研究倫理學、政治哲學,也親身參與馬英九先生多次重大的選舉,以<span lang="EN-US">1998</span>年馬先生參選台北市長為例,我是馬陣營的發言人,當時的對手是尋求連任的陳水扁,選舉期間對方陣營把我斗大的頭像做成公車廣告,放在公車車身外圍滿街跑,旁邊寫著“新賣台集團”。把想法不同的人等同於“賣國賊”加以羞辱,這是台灣的民主選舉;台灣民主的惡質文化不只是發生在我自己身上,事實上“為反對而反對”的政黨惡鬥無日無之,政治上長期內耗的結果是:人民對政治厭倦、反感之餘,有許多人懷念蔣經國統治的戒嚴時期,認為台灣太自由、過度民主了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">也許有人認為台灣的政黨惡鬥無關貪腐,但事實不然,在台灣只問藍綠不問是非、黨同伐異的結果,助長許多政客可以在政黨的保護傘下藉勢藉端。今年六月台灣發生高官林益世貪腐事件,如果不是因為林益世態度太過囂張,索賄超過“恐怖平衡”,迫使廠商用錄音的方式使他無所遁形,否則他現在可能還逍遙法外。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">其實台灣的現狀不是民主制度的錯,關鍵還是“人”,中國社會現在有許多人對民主存在一種浪漫卻不切實際的想法,美化“人民”的力量。真正的人民是一盤散沙、各持己見、甚至自私自利,當人民缺乏足夠的公民道德教育,把權力交給他們的結果可能是災難,法國大革命後的恐怖、納粹德國造成的人類浩刼,都是民主政治的結果,孫中山先生在實施憲政之前強調訓政,就是這個道理。換句話說,不合格的“人民”實施民主,可能比洪水猛獸還要可怕,所以民主不是不好,但是它的基本前提是公民必須具有一定的素養,當人民沒有自主能力、缺乏公德心,這樣的民主政治不如開明專制,這就是台灣和新加坡的差別。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">多年來參與實際政治的切身經驗,讓我體會到台灣的問題不是制度,而是公民道德。在台灣幾乎清高、有能力的人不敢碰政治,因為一沾上政治就會被對手抺黑、羞辱,所以政治領域出現劣幣驅除良幣的現象,一般人民對政治充滿了無力感。台灣經驗可以再一次證明:只有制度是不夠的。當然長期而言,民主還是優於專制,因為開明專制依賴的是英明的領導,然而我們無法保證領導永遠英明。民主政治的好處是監督制衡、定期改選,即使人民可能犯錯,但下一次可以改正。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">此外,民主不是靠等待,權利是爭來的,主張制度優先的人與其坐而言,不如起而行;成熟的民主更不是一蹴可幾,為了避免未蒙其利先受其害,培養公民的品德絕對是必要的準備,認為先建立制度、再進行道德教育的人,就是沒有體驗過台灣在民主政治過程的崎嶇、顛簸,以道德為本的制度訴求,才可以使中國大陸的政治改革少走點寃枉路。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Abadi MT Condensed Extra Bold";">改革制度較難,必須擁有權力才做得到,而且執行制度的是人,人的品質決定社會的品質;相對的,道德教化卻操之在己,有識之士只要有心就有力,做一點算一點。一旦教化有成,自然會形成社會共識,對有權力者造成壓力,迫使他們進行制度改革。許多人認為道德教育緩不濟急,但是十年後這些人還是以緩不濟急為藉口,什麼也沒做,而有心人已經在這塊園地耕耘了十年,誰的路比較正確?讓實踐來檢驗!(南方周末,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月<span lang="EN-US">30</span>日)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-3186865150488565372012-09-18T17:16:00.002+08:002012-09-18T17:16:30.340+08:00時論 - 誰來建立制度?<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於我談論道德教育的兩篇文章,讀者的批判聲音仍然多於肯定,雖然有些讀者承認道德教育的必要性,但還是認為制度應該先行。以目前的社會情境,強調制度先行好像比較容易得到掌聲,但問題是:誰來建立制度?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也許可以說,人和制度是一種辯證關係,但是人還是根本,因為制度不論好壞都是由人建立的,而且能夠建立或制訂制度的人都是掌握權力的人,如果有權力的人都是貪腐,那如何期待他們建立防治貪腐的制度?如果其中有人不貪腐,但整個權力集團貪腐氣氛濃厚,這些清白的人能夠不隨波逐流而存活下來,並且說服貪腐的多數而制訂防貪制度嗎?所以那個應該先行的防貪制度從哪裡來?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">好的制度往往必須出自好人手中,至少是心存善念的人,因為邪惡的人永遠會設立一個對自己有利、對社會不見得有利的制度。孫中山先生推翻貪腐的滿清,制度完全改變,但是中國有立刻變得更好嗎?瞭解台灣現狀的人都知道,台灣的民主已經逐漸進入制度成熟的階段,但是如果當時沒有蔣經國宣佈解除戒嚴,台灣可能還處於威權統治時代;美國今天的強大,必須歸功於開國大臣的格局、胸襟和視野,才可能建立一個對社會整體比較有利的制度。然而即使台灣和美國都已經具備讀者所期待的監督制衡,這些社會就沒有貪腐問題嗎?因此道德教育不是制度設立以後,才應該進行的後階段工程,它不只必須和制度的考量齊頭並進,反而在制度不足的狀況下必須先行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有些讀者以為,我談的道德教育只是涉及個人品格,無關政治制度,但其實不然,西方的倫理學和政治哲學是相連結的,政治哲學中所討論的公平、正義都是道德概念。因此我所謂的道德教育,不只是個人的修身養性,還包括培養個人在面對社會時的正義感,所以當代西方倫理的教材中包括正義、權利等概念的探討,也就是說,它包括公德和私德。
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當社會的道德逐漸敗壞,炫富、拜金主義、笑貧不笑娼的風氣瀰漫時,一談到道德教育,中國人最容易想到的就是回到中國傳統文化找答案,但是這並不是我的答案。以儒家為例,儒家主張人性是善的,而且人人皆可以成聖賢,在這種假設下,社會的道德標準當然會要求每一個人都成聖賢,否則就是自甘墮落。但是成聖賢多難,因此為了迎合社會標準,只好說一套做一套、陽奉陰違,不是沒有人真正朝向儒家的聖人要求精進,但大多數人都會因為這個標過高而放棄。所以儒家的理不是不好,而是陳意過高,並不合乎一般人的人性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西方社會大部分的倫理學論證起點則假設人性是利己的,雖然有些學者並不否定人有利他心,然而利他心較弱,所以西方的人性論普遍認為人的本性是利己心具主宰的地位,我認為這個人性的假設比較合理。從柏拉圖的《理想國》開始,西方對於“為什麼要有道德?”這個問題的主要論證,是在假設人性是宰制性利己的情況下,為什麼還是需要道德,換句話說,西方倫理學的要說服的是:為什麼道德對自私自利的人還是比較有利。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外《論語》語句精簡、字字珠璣,但只有結論而缺少推論;而西方的倫理學,重視的是論證和推論。因此傳統中國的道德教育大部分是說教而不是說理,而西方則是說理而不是說教,許多讀者對道德教育產生反感,就是因為他們還停留在傳統中國的道德教化思維之中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在一個以經濟發展為主導、人心普遍利己傾向的社會,以主張性善的學說作為道德教育的內容,說服力會大打折扣;因此對於有心於從事道德教育的老師們,我建議採用西方的道德論證作為教學內容,才比較有機會說服人們:有道德最終是有利的。奉勸所有想要從事社會根源性改革的人,根治人心的事情絕對不能急功近利,我們冀望的是一代比一代進步。趨利避害是人類的生物性本能,所以一個過度重視自己利益的人,仍然停留在人的生物層面;而道德行為往往是對自己不一定有利但卻對別人有利,所以當一個人重視道德、懂得關心別人時,其實是一種脫離野蠻而進入文明的象徵。如果我們不從這樣的道德教育入手,難道要等待那些心存貪腐人有一天良心發現?(南方周末,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-26462123395277129962012-09-18T17:14:00.002+08:002012-09-18T17:14:45.911+08:00時論 - 再論道德教育才是治本之道<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">七月十二日本人在貴刊發表<防止貪腐,道德教育才是治本之道>,結果引發讀者批判聲浪,多數讀者認為我忽略了制度。但是仔細閱讀文章的人應該發現,我並不是主張監督機制不重要,而是只有制度是不夠的,道德教育才是治本之道。至於教道德的人不懂道德,或教者說一套、做一套等批評,都和我主旨無關,我的主張的當然是指理想的道德教育:教育者本身是合格的(言行一致)、教導的內容是適當的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">七月十三日我應邀到廣州中山大學,參與倫理學名家論壇,我談論的主題是<聖人與道德運氣>,其中一段可以用來進一步說明我的論點。許多人在批評官員貪腐時,不但疾顏厲色、理直氣壯,而且好像對貪汙這件事痛心疾首、不屑一顧,但是批評者有沒有想過:“如果我自己在同樣的位子、擁有同樣的權勢,我會不會做和他一樣的事?”就像去年發生在廣州佛山的小悅悅事件,如果你是路過的旁觀者,你會不會和那<span lang="EN-US">18</span>個被罵到體無完膚的路人一樣,視而不見?納粹德國時期,許多人忌憚於納粹的凶殘而忍辱吞聲,甚至見死不救,但如果你生在納粹時期的德國,你會不會和這些人一樣,不顧正義、勇敢的道德呼喚而苟且偷生?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你沒有貪官的罵名也許是運氣好,因為你當不了官
;你沒有被罵懦弱也是好運氣,因為你沒有生在納粹德國;沒有人指責你沒良心也是運氣,因為你正好不在小悅悅車禍的現場。這樣說不是主張貪汙無罪、見死不救不該被罵,而是我們在批評別人不道德時,應該深究問題的根源,否則把一位貪官拉下馬,換上去的可能還是貪。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上貪官並不是當了官才貪,如果一個人平常就喜歡偷雞摸狗,這副德性當了官,自然變成貪官;而當整個社會的價值觀都是爭名逐利時,要找到不貪的官還真難。所以問題的癥結不在一、兩個貪官,而是整個社會的價值觀是否偏差。任何制度都不可能十全十美,所謂“道高一尺魔高一丈”,如果人們的起心動念是不道德的,再完善的監督機制也不能做到弊絕風清,因為實際的人類社會不只會出現官商勾結,也可能官官相護,從台灣林益世事件就可以證明。
因此導正唯利是圖的功利主義價值,才能根絕貪腐賴以滋長的溫床,這不靠道德教育要靠什麼?</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-79577272224571038082012-09-18T17:12:00.004+08:002012-09-18T17:12:41.262+08:00時論 - 防止貪腐,道德教育才是治本之道<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最近,臺灣領導人馬英九因前“行政院秘書長”林益世收賄事件召開廉政座談會,引來一陣撻伐。有論者直斥把政務官當小學生。所有人包括林益世都知道貪污不僅不道德而且違法,所以開座談會肅貪似乎是緣木求魚。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">長期以來,我們似乎都把貪婪問題簡化為制度。一旦發生官員貪腐事件,首先想到的是成立廉政署監督公務人員。但是徒法不足以自行,執法者也是人,出問題的往往是人而不是制度。如果廉政署中有人違法亂紀,我們是否成立“太上廉政署”來監督廉政署?如果“太上廉政署”有人不道德,我們是否再成立“太上太上廉政署”來監督“太上廉政署”?所以即使林益世事件成立調查委員會,也會掉入同樣的邏輯,除非執法者本身有道德。
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">道德教育其實不是小學生的問題。如果在四下無人的暗巷撿到鉅款,有多少人會交給員警?貪婪、自私是頑強的人性,反而小學生比較可能拾金不昧。柏拉圖在《理想國》中討論過這個問題:“不道德行為是否比較有利?”貪腐官員如林益世在收賄時,一定認為這樣對自己有利,現在結果顯然是不利的。但是如果違反道德的行為,你有把握不被發現,你還會遵守道德嗎?
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哲學系有一門必修課叫“倫理學”。借用亞里斯多德的說法,倫理學的核心問題是思考“人應該怎麼活”。絕大多數哲學家都認為:道德和幸福人生密切相關,因為一個人如果對自己的人生進行整體、長遠的思考,合乎道德仍然是最有利的生活策略。一些年富力強的官員因貪腐而自毀前程,很難說他們是明智的。當然也有人會說,那是因為他們倒楣,東窗事發,如果他們更小心一點,不就可以逍遙一輩子嗎?可是一個人每天必須提心吊膽,擔心自己的惡行會被人發現,他的心靈不可能是平靜的。而古希臘哲學家認為,一個人的心靈不和諧不可能幸福。
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而一般人仍然普遍認為,有道德的人比較吃虧。可見一般人的道德觀念只停留在表面、淺層的利害計算上,而不是像哲學家那樣透過深刻的思辨來理解道德。或許多數人只是把道德當成寫文章、呼口號用的,它的義理精神根本沒有進入人的心靈。因此儘管大家都知道孰是孰非,但是多數人只知其然而不知其所以然</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們忽視哲學思考,以為簡單思考就可以有一個美好人生。 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">貪官東窗事發之後,可能讓一些人暫時銷聲匿跡。但是在一個功利、扭曲的價值觀充斥的社會,類似事件無日無之。我們的道德教育有必要慢慢進入哲學的層次,主導教育者尤其應該好好研讀哲學,因為學習過倫理學的人才有資格教道德。學了倫理學,你就會明白為什麼那麼多智者把幸福人生和道德連在一起。每個人都渴望幸福,就像亞里斯多德所說:道德是幸福人生最穩定的必要條件,人們怎麼可能會忽視道德?如果你被亞里斯多德的論證說服,就會發現,從事不道德行為的人,反而是笨蛋。道德教育一定要達到說服的程度,受教者才能心悅誠服而使道德內化,這樣的道德教育才算成功。<span lang="EN-US">(2012.7.12</span>南方週末<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-4422027485218875042012-09-18T16:14:00.002+08:002013-02-20T16:03:49.808+08:00101上課程 - 倫理學<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">學年度第一學期「倫理學」課程大綱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">講座:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">林火旺教授<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">每星期二、三<span lang="EN-GB">14:20-15:10</span>或另約。<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">研究室及聯絡電話:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">水源校區哲學系館四樓,<span lang="EN-GB">33663408 <b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">E-mail:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:hwlin@ntu.edu.tw"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1011ethics"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">1011</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ethics</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">教學助理:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:%E9%99%B3%E7%85%A5%E6%B0%91d99124007@ntu.edu.tw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span lang="EN-US">陳煥民</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">d99124007@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">週二<span lang="EN-GB"> 13:00-15:00<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程概述<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">希臘哲學家蘇格拉底說:“一個沒有經過反省的生命是不值得活的”,所以他一生關注是:人應該如何活?而蘇格拉底一生思索的主題只有一個,那就是道德問題,因此倫理學事實上和如果過一個精彩的人生密切相關。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">傳統上我們把道德教條化,甚至妖魔化,這是因為傳統社會不是用思辨的方式探討道德,“倫理學”這門課的主要內容,簡單地說就是用哲學的思辨方式研究道德,並將之和人應該如何過活聯結。只要是人,一生下來就註定走向死亡,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生死問題是人類亙古以來最惱人的問題,沒有人能躱開。如果宗教是從人死後如何開始,然後回答“這一生要如何活”的問題,倫理學則只關注生死之間人應該如何活。不管有沒有宗教信仰,倫理學者的智慧結晶,對任何人都有益,所以任何一個認真看待自己生命的人,都不應該輕忽這門學問。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程介紹基本的倫理學理論,並試著將這些理論和實際生活中的道德問題結合,希望對同學在日常生活的碰到道德困惑時,有所助益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程要求<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1)這是一門道德課,每一位修課的同學應該比修其它課更具有道德反思的自覺,所以這是一門不希望同學缺席的課,這個要求有合理的基礎:每一位大學生,尤其是公立大學,都享用納稅人的稅收,社會期待大學生善用人民的血汗錢充實自己,以便將來回饋社會,使社會整體獲利。基於這樣的倫理考慮,大學生雖然可以基於自己私人的生活安排,而有時候不來上課,但是納稅人並不期待自己的血汗錢是作為大學生「私人享受」之用,因此大學生並沒有蹺課的權利,本課程也不歡迎喜歡蹺課的學生。因此基於尊重同學,原則上討論課除外,上課不會點名,但是萬一缺課實在嚴重,基於對社會負責,一旦點名,每次缺課扣學期總成績</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分(特殊理由事先請假者除外)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2)哲學追求的是真理,但哲學並不能保證得到真理,哲學的價值在於訓練學生尋找真理的方法,也就是訓練學生如何正確思考:問正確的問題、用正確的方式找答案。要想從哲學課得到最大收穫,必須自己參與,只要你有一絲不解或懷疑,不用猶豫:打破沙鍋問到底,本課程鼓勵大家勇於發問,這樣不只可以使你掌握哲學的精髓、對問題深入瞭解,而且你也會因此而自我成長。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3)討論課由課程助理主持,同學除了在課堂上發問之外,若有未能澄清之疑慮,可以利用討論課請教課程助理,課程助理也負責同學的成績批改。我要求教學助理每節討論課都要點名,討論課出缺席狀況會成為學期成績總結算的參考。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4)學期成績計算:期中考</span><span lang="EN-US">40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,期末考</span><span lang="EN-US">40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,另外</span><span lang="EN-US">20%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由課程助理規劃。成績優劣和努力及理解程度應該成正比,本課程絕對沒有非「當」人不可的習慣,但是按照以往的經驗,不及格的比例大約在</span><span lang="EN-US">5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上下,因此本課程也絕對不適合尋找營養學分的學生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">討論課程要求、評分與注意事項<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1)個人作業</span><span lang="EN-US">(20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:本學期共有四次個人作業,每次作業佔學期總成績</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分,共</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分。作業請以電腦繕打,字形為新細明體</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號字,字數請勿少於</span><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字,並須於指定期限內繳交給助教。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2)出缺席情形:修課同學應按規定準時出席並踴躍參與討論。助教每周討論課皆會點名,整學期缺席三次以內皆不扣分,第四次無故缺席扣總分</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">教材<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上課教材以英文為主,取自幾本倫理學選輯或倫理學專門著作中的文章。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">.《生命如何作答?》可以閱讀中譯本。<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">課程進度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:課程簡介及導論</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week1-%20intro.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">G. J. Warnock, “The Object of
Morality”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week2%20-%20The%20object%20of%20morality.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Plato, “The Ring of Gyges” & Hobbes,
“Morality and Self-Interest”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week3%20-%20Why%20be%20moral.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Gregory
Kavka, “A Reconciliation Project”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week4%20-%20A%20Reconciliation%20Project.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">國慶日放假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Peter
Singer, <i>How Are We to Live?</i> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(《生命如何作答?》)<span lang="EN-US">1-3.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week6%20-%20How%20Are%20We%20to%20Live%201.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Peter
Singer, <i>How Are We to Live?</i> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(《生命如何作答?》)<span lang="EN-US">4-7.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week7%20-%20How%20are%20we%20to%20live%202.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">31</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Peter
Singer, <i>How Are We to Live?</i> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(《生命如何作答?》)<span lang="EN-US">8-11.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week8%20-%20How%20are%20we%20to%20live%203.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:期中考試</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">James Rachels, “Ethical Egoism”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week10%20-%20ethical%20egoism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week11%20-%20mill.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Bernard Williams, “Against Utilitarianism”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week13%20-%20williams.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Immanual Kant, “The Foundations
of the Metaphysic of Morals”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week15%20-%20Kant.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Immanual Kant, “The Foundations
of the Metaphysic of Morals”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">Immanual Kant, “The Foundations
of the Metaphysic of Morals”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日:</span><span lang="EN-US">W. D. Ross, “What Makes Right
Acts Right?”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/481f0a/content/week14%20-%20Ross.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">18.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:期末考試</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-41916850651767251712012-09-18T16:13:00.003+08:002013-02-20T16:11:59.789+08:00101上課程 - 自由主義<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">101</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">學年度第一學期「自由主義」課程大綱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">授課教師:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">林火旺 教授<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週二、三<span lang="EN-US">14:20-15:10</span>或另約<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">研究室:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">水源校區</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">哲學系館四樓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聯絡電話:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">3366-3408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">E-mail</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">林火旺教授的個人網站:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">http://ntuhwlin.blogspot.com/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「自由主義」<span lang="EN-US">CEIBA</span>課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1011_liberalism<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">教學助理、<span lang="EN-US">E-mail</span>、研究室時間與地點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">陳煥民 <span lang="EN-US">d99124007@ntu.edu.tw </span>週一<span lang="EN-US">13:00-15:00 </span>哲學系館一樓研究生室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">黃豊祐 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:r01124005@ntu.edu.tw"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">r01124005@ntu.edu.tw</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週三 <span lang="EN-US">16:00-18:00</span>哲學系館一樓研究生室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程概述<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我國的憲政體制是一個自由主義式的民主政治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(liberal democracy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這是自由主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(liberalism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和民主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(democracy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結合而成的政治體制。「自由主義」重視的是自由的價值和個人權利,而「民主」則強調平等和自我統治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(self-governance)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,理論上這兩個概念並不是完全相容的,也就是說「自由」和「民主」並不是永遠一致的價值,有可能產生衝突。「民主」重視個人的平等性,以及每一個人掌理自己未來前途的決策權,所以「多數決」就是其最高原則。然而多數可能欺壓少數而形成「多數暴力」,因此自由主義所重視的個人自由和權利,就是民主多數決的限制。因此,當代的民主政治將自由主義的精神和民主決策結合,其實會產生許多的問題,目前我國在政治領域所出現的種種失序現象,都和此一政治體制的內在邏輯相關。如果要培養合格的民主公民,對於自由主義的理解是不可或缺的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由主義誕生在十六、七世紀,雖然自由主義傳統只有數百年,但是隨著時代和環境的差異,產生許多自由主義版本,本課程不是歷史性的而是觀念性的探討,主要的焦點是自由主義的基本概念。本課程首先介紹古典自由主義大師約翰‧彌勒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(John Stuart Mill)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的經典名著《論自由》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(On Liberty)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;當代自由主義則以羅爾斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(John
Rawls)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1971</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《正義論》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(A
Theory of Justice)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">為主軸</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,中間穿插當代重要的自由主義理論家的著作。最後以自由主義的公民教育與公民德行議題結束。事實上,在台灣這個以自由主義立基的民主社會中,國人普遍對「公民應該是什麼樣的面貌?」這個問題缺乏瞭解,本課程希望在這方面對同學的理解有所助益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程目標<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程希望透過理論的研讀以及實際議題的分組報告與討論,使同學對自由主義的政治體制有所理解,並凸顯自由民主社會所需要的公民及其應具備的德行。認真學習和充分理解本課程相關內容的同學,應該可以將課堂所學加以應用,檢視當前我國在實際政治上的根本問題,並藉以培養民主社會的公民所應該具有的德行及涵養。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">課程要求</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上課以講述為主,課堂嚴格禁止私下講話,但歡迎同學針對有疑問的地方發問,或對有興趣的話題進行討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本課程嚴格評量學生成績,不願意為這門課投入較多心血或喜歡蹺課的同學,都不適合選修這門課。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">教材<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <em>On Liberty</em>.
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing, 1956.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(向雙葉書局集體訂購,每本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他上課教材選自各學者於專書或期刊中發表的論文,以印製講義的方式發放。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Rawls, John. <i>A Theory of Justice</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Rawls, John. <i>Political
Liberalism</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">但昭偉</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">譯述,</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《重讀彌爾的「自由論」》(</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill on liberty</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">台北:學富文化,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林火旺,《正義與公民:自由主義的觀點》,宜蘭:佛光人文社會學院出版,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林火旺,《道德──幸福的必要條件》,寳瓶文化出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">成績評量方式與評分標準<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">1.</span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成績評量</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比重</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期中考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,期末考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">45%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,個人作業佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,分組報告佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">10%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個人作業說明</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:本課程會指定一次個人作業。作業須以電腦繕打,撰寫長度以一頁為原則,並於指定期限內</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課程網頁。<b>逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</b>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分組報告說明</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有學生分為</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">組(每組</span><span lang="EN-US">12-13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人),各組須挑選</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個政治議題或事件作為報告主題,並利用本課程講授的理論知識,分析與反思在這個議題或事件中的作為是否符合自由主義民主政治的精神</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。除了在課堂上進行</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分鐘的口頭報告外,各組亦須在口頭報告結束後兩週內將完整的小組報告檔案</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課程網頁,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">撰寫長度以三頁為原則。此外,在口頭報告時也會邀請各組對其他小組的表現進行票選,以提高學生參與程度。</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評分標準</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:考試與作業的評分標準包括對主題的正確詮釋、論證的正確性與說服力、批判反省與問題提出、表達的清晰流暢性。分組報告之評分標準除上述以外,還包括選題的適當性、運用課堂講授理論知識之程度、個人參與小組討論與負責之程度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">未參與小組討論或不負責任的組員將無法獲得分組報告的成績</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每週教學進度</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 9</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課程介紹與導論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week1%20intro.ppt"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John
Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>, Chapter 1.<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week2%20-%20On%20liberty%201.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 2</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week3%20-%20On%20Liberty%202.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 3</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week4%20-%20On%20Liberty%203.ppt"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>, Chapter 4 & 5</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week5%20-%20On%20Liberty%204-5.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Jeremy Waldron, “Theoretical Foundations of
Liberalism<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week6%20-%20Theoretical%20foundations%20of%20liberalism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Isaiah
Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week7%20-%20Two%20Concepts%20of%20Liberty.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">William Galston, “Two Concepts of Liberalism”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week%208%20-%20Two%20concepts%20of%20liberalism.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">期中考試</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John
Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week10%20-%20Rawls.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week11%20-%20Rawls2.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">John Rawls, “The Definition and Justification of Civil
Disobedience”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week12%20-%20Rawls3.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分組報告</span><span lang="EN-US">I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分組報告</span><span lang="EN-US">II</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Will Kymlicka, “Civil Society and Government: A
Liberal-Egalitarian Perspective”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week15%20-%20civil%20society%20and%20government.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由社會的品德教育</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/579d1c/content/week16%20-%20education.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">元旦放假</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期末考試</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-3576495209897690472012-08-27T09:56:00.001+08:002012-08-27T09:56:32.139+08:00時論 - 品德才是永久的財富 - ﹣李宗瑞事件的省思<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最近媒體最矚目的焦點,無疑是李宗瑞。從媒體揭露李宗瑞的荒淫、以及他投案後的連篇謊言、做錯事卻沒有勇氣承擔,這個人品格之低劣不必多費筆墨形容,然而這個事件背後所顯示的社會價值觀,卻值得我們深思。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由於李宗瑞的行為涉及數十位女性,有些是知名的演藝人員或模特兒,所以受到社會大眾格外的關注。在李宗瑞投案前,曾經有受到波及的藝人打算召開記者會卻臨時取消,因為該藝人自從不雅照外洩之後,每天以淚洗面、寢食難安,心靈上無法承受公開露面這件事。安排她召開記者會的議員大呼疾呼,希望大家不要再散播這些照片,以免造成受害女性的二度傷害。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在網路散播不雅照片不但違法,而且也確實對受害女性並不公平,然而以台灣目前的網路文化和一般人民的心態,這類照片的傳播恐怕很難遏止。散播這種照片的人當然是不道德,可是當我們在為受害者抱屈的同時有沒有想過:為什麼有人會讓自己墮入這樣的處境?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一個喜歡上夜店、或者和天天在夜店出沒的男性親密交往的女性,她的價值觀是什麼?如果不是為了玩樂、就是為了金錢。不是說上夜店的男性都心懷不軌,但是流連夜店的男人很少不是把女性當成玩物的,所以在夜店會碰到色魔,就像在書店碰到學生一樣的自然。事實上貪圖金錢、玩樂的女性是先把交往的對象當成“物”,而自己也被別人物化,這是對等的邏輯,難道這些經常出入夜店的女性,期待自己在那種地方碰到好男人?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">就像混幫派、經常鬥毆滋事的人,比一般人容易危及生命一樣,喜歡在夜店交友的人,也比一般社交場合更容易遇到品格低劣的人;所以經常縱情於聲色場所、拜金主義、陶醉於酒酣耳熱紙醉金迷生活的人,在生活上也會比一般人冒更大的危險,因為那樣的生活方式或價值觀,人一定變成彼此的工具,沒有人會把對方當成人看待。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李宗瑞事件遲早會被淡忘,但是所有和不雅照有關的女性,她們的心靈創傷恐怕會伴隨一輩子。這個故事應該給所有愛慕虛榮的女性一個警惕:品格比財富重要,朋友的內在比外在重要,良好的品格才是永久的無形財富。像李宗瑞這樣的人,只要不是貪圖財富,很快就可以辨識出他人格的高低,繼續和這種人交往,逞一時之快而抱憾終身,某種程度是咎由自取。也許有些年輕女性只是基於“玩”的心態,但是在和品格很差的男人發生這種親密關係前,也應該先掂掂自己的斤兩,是不是玩得起。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於李宗瑞,也因為缺乏品德而喪送自己一生,一個被媒體和社會大眾冠上“淫魔”、“人渣”罵名的人,人格尊嚴蕩然無存;更糟糕的是,除了他的家人之外,應該沒有人會同情他,因為他的品格比那些受害的女性更為低下。除非他從此洗心革面、痛改前非,以多做善事彌補罪愆,否則淫魔的污名將如蛆附骨,他如何討到好妻子?如何教化未來的子女?這輩子不就毁了?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其實李宗瑞事件背後的深層問題是:物化的價值觀,經濟掛帥和功利主義的社會氛圍造就了這樣的價值觀,而這種重視名位財富(外在價值),而忽視人的品質和品德(內在價值)的價值觀,不但危及個人幸福的追求,也危及社會的和諧穩定。然而令人憂心的是,現在似乎越來越多年輕人的熱情是追逐物欲而輕視心靈,把自己和別人的身體都當成取樂的工具,必須等到像李宗瑞事件發生在自己身上、心靈受到嚴重傷害才追悔莫及。如果父母、政府不設法扭轉年輕人這種錯誤的價值觀,下一個李宗瑞事件正在醖釀!(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012. 8.27) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-35643347195356299932012-07-26T23:54:00.004+08:002012-07-26T23:54:50.510+08:00時論 - 十二年國教的癥結﹣教育價值市場化<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">十二年國教實施在即,政府信誓旦旦,但各方疑慮未除。理論上十二年國教當然是一個好的政策,如果用美國哲學家羅爾斯的正義理論,十二年國教可以讓那些出生家庭貧困的孩子,因為廉價的學費而得到受教育的機會,這意味著每一個人不會因為家庭背景這項偶然因素,而喪失自我能力的充分培養。如果社會上每一個人的能力都能夠充足適度的得到發展,等於達到“人盡其才”的理想,絕對是有利社會的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一個十五歲的國中畢業生,如果家裡負擔不了高中學費,即使他在國中的各項成績表現耀眼,他可能因此而中輟,從社會整體合作的角度來看,這不口是他個人的損失,也是社會的損失。因為他的能力如果充分發揮,本來可以為社會創造更多福祉,但現在因為貧窮而失去爭取更佳職位的機會,這表示該職位將由能力比他差者取代,對社會當然是一種損失。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">然而明明是一個比較合乎社會正義的政策,人民對它卻沒有太多的信心,關鍵在於我們社會對教育價值的看法是市場化的,換句話說,社會上相當多數的人把教育等同於就業、賺錢的工具,因此升學率決定學校的好壞,市場工作機會和薪資的潛力決定大學科系的好壞。許多擔心明星高中消失的人,其實就是把“讀好書”等同於“賺大錢”,再把“賺錢”等同於“幸福”。這種簡化人生的邏輯使得政府十二年國教的美意,很難不被扭曲,所以前一陣子有人建議可以把擔任志工當成升學的一項評量,結果社會就出現一窩蜂搶當志工的現象,這些人不是真的有心當志工,而是為升學考量。因此如果不先扭轉國人教育價值市場化、功利化的傾向,十二年國教實施的結果即使形式上五育並重,將來一定會出現“五育補習班”,學生的壓力不會變小而是變大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">今年暑假,我和一些社會熱心人士及中學老師,打算辦一個四天三夜的品德營隊,對象是高中生,經費由一位具有愛心的企業家朋友完全支付,所有的學員都免費參加。我自己在哲學系教倫理學多年,深知道德對幸福人生的重要性,而且道德教育不能只是形式或口號,一定要透過思辨的過程,所以參與這個營隊輔導的中學老師、台大哲學所的研究生,以前都曾經上過倫理學,希望讓參加的學生在知性的討論和質疑中,對道德有更深入的體會和理解。這個營隊原本打算招生的人數是八十名,結果報名者超過一百名,但是可惜的是報名者當中幾乎沒有台北市明星高中的學生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">從這次營隊報名的情況,就可以知道所謂“明星高中生”的價值觀大致如何,這些優秀學生暑期的首選應該是科學營、領袖營、出國壯遊,所以才沒有把品德營隊放在眼裡。這些將來可能主導社會發展最重要的推手,聰明卻不重道德,我們的社會將來會是什麼樣子?所以我常常提醒台大學生:“你們的能力越強,如果沒有久缺道德心,將來違害社會的力量也越大”。儘管德智體群美五育中,德育擺在最前面,但在多數國人的內心中,道德只是點綴。如果政府不先扭轉這樣的價值觀,再好的制度不但無益,更可能使下一代更不快樂,所以要做好十二年國教,必須先改變國人的教育觀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">一位教育哲學家說過:“教育不是訓練,訓練是為一個職業或一個活動作準備,而教育則為人的一生作準備”,不知道我們主導教育的人是否理解這個道理?(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">27</span>日)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-61272033125102180312012-07-26T23:53:00.002+08:002012-07-26T23:53:33.817+08:00時論 - 對道德教育冷漠,是淡定還是無知?<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">林益世事件發生後,我曾在報紙撰文,強調品德教育才是防治貪腐的治本之道,讀者的反應極為冷淡;隨後該文經大陸的<南方周末報>稍加修改後轉載,卻引發大陸讀者強烈的批判,他們不是指責我無知,就是說我是貪腐集團的打手,他們認為制度才是最重要的,而談道德教育正是迎合掌權者的脾胃,因為掌權者天天都在喊品德教育,而實際上卻是說一套做一套。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> 由於大陸讀者不知道我是台灣人,其實台灣不論行政立法部門或政黨間的監督制衡,或廉政署的設計,都是防止貪腐的機制,所以林益世事件凸顯的不是沒有制度,而是制度的不足。中國大陸沒有真正的反對黨,監督機制付之闕如,所以大陸人民對制度的期待殷切,因此讀者的反彈我可以理解,然而台灣社會對品德教育的冷漠卻令我不安。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我仔細觀察台灣在林益世事件發生以後,媒體輿論除了批評、對事件情節捕風捉影之外,很少有人重視根源性的道德教育問題。雖然馬英九總統信誓旦旦不讓這樣的事情再次發生,但是他如何保證政務官的品德?其實以台灣目前社會功利主義盛行,馬總統的保證似乎是一廂情願,因為台灣社會熱衷政治的人,絕大多數不是為名就是為利,“為人民”通常只是選舉的口號,而名利心重的人一旦擁有了權位,其實很難抵擋誘惑。不是這些人比社會上一般人壞,而是他們的環境使然。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">七月中我應邀到廣州中山大學,參與倫理學名家論壇,我談的主題是<聖人與道德運氣>,其中提到“環境運氣”概念,可以用來說明上述的論點。許多人在批評官員貪腐時疾顏厲色,甚至對貪污這件事痛心疾首,但是批評者有沒有想過:“如果我在同樣的位子、擁有同樣的權勢,會不會和他一樣?”就像去年發生在廣州佛山的小悅悅事件,如果你是路過的旁觀者,你會不會和那<span lang="EN-US">18</span>個被罵到體無完膚的路人一樣,視而不見?納粹德國時期,許多人忌憚於納粹的凶殘而忍氣吞聲,對猶太人的苦難冷血旁觀,如果你出生在納粹時期的德國,你會不會和這些人一樣,不顧正義、勇敢的道德呼喚而苟且偷生?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你沒有得到貪官的罵名也許是運氣好,因為你當不了官
;你沒有被罵懦弱是運氣好,因為你沒有出生在納粹德國;沒有人指責你“沒良心”也是運氣,因為你正好不在小悅悅車禍的現場。這樣說不是主張貪污無罪、見死不救不該被罵,而是我們在批評別人不道德時,應該深究問題的根源,否則把一位貪官拉下馬,換上去的可能另一個貪官。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">貪官不是當了官才貪,一個平常就偷雞摸狗的人,當了官自然變成貪官;如果功利價值觀瀰漫整個社會,要找到不貪的官反而比較難,所以問題的癥結不是貪官,而是整個社會的價值觀。制度是外在制裁,如果人們的起心動念是邪惡的,再完善的監督機制也無法弊絕風清,實際社會中不只有官商勾結,也有官官相護,如果林益世對陳啟祥的需索不是逾越了恐怖平衡點,他現在應該是逍遙法外、仍然頤指氣使。因此杜絕貪腐不只需要外在制裁,還需要培養內在的良心制裁,只有導正功利價值觀,才能淨化貪腐賴以滋長的土壤,這不靠道德教育要靠什麼?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 在一個以經濟發展為主流價值的社會,人民對於“以道德教育根治貪腐”的說法表現淡定,似乎是合理的,但卻令我憂心:因為這顯示人們不自覺自己的價值觀是“林益世們”的幫兇;這也顯示我們和大陸人民的思考深度,停留在同一個層次。(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012. 7. 26</span>)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-58500392288629824392012-07-26T23:51:00.001+08:002012-07-26T23:52:02.559+08:00時論 - 道德教育的迷思<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 馬英九總統因為林益世事件召開廉政座談會,反而引來一陣撻伐,王健壯先生更直斥把政務官當小學生。所有人(包括林益世)都知道貪污是不道德而且違法的,所以開座談會肅貪似乎是援木求魚,但是批評馬總統的人提出來的策略有比較高明嗎?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> 我們社會長期以來似乎都把貪婪問題簡化為制度,所以翁奇楠事件發生,政府立刻成立廉政署用來監督公務人員,但是所謂徒法不足以自行,執法者也是人,出問題的往往是人而不是制度。如果廉政署中有人會違法亂紀,我們是否成立“太上廉政署”來監督廉政署?如果“太上廉政署”有人不道德,我們是否再成立“太上太上廉政署”來監督“太上廉政署”?所以即使林益世事件成立調查委員會,也會掉入同樣的邏輯,除非執法者本身有道德。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">道德教育其實不是小學生的問題,如果在四下無人的暗巷撿到巨款,有多少人會交給警察局?貪婪、自私是頑強的人性,反而小學生比較可能拾金不昧。希臘哲學家柏拉圖在他的《理想國》中,就討論這個亙古的問題:“不道德行為是否比較有利?”林益世在收賄時,一定認為這樣對他有利,現在結果顯然是不利的,但是如果你有把握違反道德的行為不會被發現,你會遵守道德嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">哲學系有一門必修課叫『倫理學』,如果用亞里斯多德的說法,倫理學的核心問題是思考“人應該怎麼活?”絕大多數的哲學家都認為:道德和幸福人生密切相關,但是一般人卻認為有道德人比較吃虧。這就是為什麼我們的道德教育只停留在口號和形式的階段,因為我們從來沒有像哲學家一樣,透過深刻的思辨來理解道德。所有人都知道什麼是對的、什麼是錯的,但是絕大多數人都只是知其然而不知所以然,因為我們忽視哲學思考,以為簡單思考就可以過一個美好人生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 林益世事件發生可能讓一些人暫時稍微消聲匿跡,但是在一個功利主義價值、扭曲的人生觀充斥的社會,這樣的事件無日無之。台灣的道德教育從來沒有進入哲學的層次,因為主導教育的人也沒讀過哲學。今年暑假我們向熱心的企業家募款,舉辦一個高中生的品德思辨營隊,帶隊的老師都讀過倫理學,小隊輔都是台大哲學研究所的研究生,馬英九總統如果有心肅貪,應該來看看我們怎麼教品德。(聯合報,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-52529409080854877662012-06-04T11:50:00.001+08:002012-06-04T11:50:49.174+08:00時論 - 我們要過苦日子了嗎?<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鴻海董事長郭台銘日前預言:未來的全球經濟狀況不佳,所以全球的人都要有過苦日子的準備。這個預言其實只對了一半,對的是:經濟衰退對那些功利取向價值觀的人,確實是苦日子;但是這個說法最大的錯誤就是:把人類的生活簡化為只是經濟生活,把人的幸福或痛苦等同於經濟水準的高低。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年英國學者的調查顯示,全世界最幸福國家是丹麥,在這項調查中最令人驚訝的是全世界排名第八的不丹,而不丹當時的年國民所得只有<span lang="EN-US">1400</span>美元,是台灣的十分之一,但是台灣在全世界的幸福排名是<span lang="EN-US">68</span>名。在這項調查中,有<span lang="EN-US">97</span>﹪的不丹人表示自己快樂。然而根據<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">5</span>月<span lang="EN-US">19</span>日聯合報的報導,去年不丹的“國民幸福指數”調查,只有<span lang="EN-US">41</span>﹪的人稱得上快樂。不丹人變得比較不快樂的原因,不但不符合郭董事長“苦日子”的邏輯,而且恰恰與之相反,不丹總理接受訪問時表示,這是經濟富裕帶來物欲增加,使人民逐漸背離傳統價值觀的結果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">經濟富裕並不代表人民的生活幸福,英國倫敦政經學院經濟學者萊亞德認為,不停追求更多財富和地位的人,會表現出病態的上癮行為,追逐物質會造成永遠不滿足的狀態,以致於不再有持續的快樂產生。我們擁有更多的食物、更大的汽車、可以隨性搭飛機到馬爾地夫旅遊,但是我們的心靈狀態卻不會隨著購買力增加而變得更好。
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">事實上一個一切向“錢”看的社會,會造成一個物化的社會,美國是典型的例子,觀察家的說法是:沒有一個國家像美國一樣,如此汲汲營營於追逐金錢、重視金錢,美國人真正的工作就是為了賺錢而賺錢,賺錢是他們的目的,而不是手段。這是一個「攫取型社會」,因為他們的全部習性、興趣和心思,都用來促進財富的獲得。人生的目標變成:抱著沈重的金錢和財物,奔赴黃泉。這樣的社會人們不再為生活獲取財物,而是為獲得財物而生活。所以美國從<span lang="EN-US">1950</span>年代至今,<span lang="EN-US">GNP</span>翻了好幾翻,但表示自己快樂的永遠只有三分之一。可見經濟成長和幸福感不成正比,一個國家的<span lang="EN-US">GNP</span>不足以判斷該國國民的幸福指數。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">怎麼樣活最快樂?新經濟基金會在<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年公佈的“快樂星球指數”顯示,全世界最快樂的國家叫萬那杜<span lang="EN-US">(Vanuatu)</span>,這是一個位於南太平洋默默無名的島國,島上居民的平均壽命約<span lang="EN-US">63</span>歲,居民都是農夫、漁夫,他們沒有柏油路、沒有軍隊,也沒有地下資源,生活簡樸、實在。萬那杜給我們的啟示是:財富、消費、權力和長壽並不能讓人快樂,根據快樂經濟學家的調查,人均年收入從兩萬美元起,快樂的程度就不再隨所得增加而等比例的提高。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">然而“擁有足夠的財富而不必工作”,仍然是工商業發達社會人們生活普遍的夢想,所以對有些人而言,財富和聲望的價值甚至超越家庭和朋友,但是這和快樂經濟學家列出的價值等級表正好相反,他們認為獲得快樂最多的是與他人的和諧關係(家人、伴侶、孩子和朋友);其次是在自己健康許可下,做一些對社會有用的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所以構成幸福的最主要因素其實不是經濟,台灣在四、五十年前的經濟條件比現在差四、五十倍,但是如果我們問那些活在那個年代的人:他的童年和現在孩子的童年相比,哪一個比較快樂?我想答案都是過去比較快樂,理由是:那個年代比現在有道德,人和人互相關心、半夜不閉戶也睡得安穩。那是一個比較有人味、心靈富裕的社會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">相反的,以追求物質、金錢、名位主導的社會,人和人之間必然勾心鬥角、你死我活,因為物質具有排他性,你有我沒有、你多我少,造成的社會必然是人心難安的社會。因此經濟狀況不佳也許是一個轉機:少點物欲、多點道德其實是一種更幸福的人生!(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">2012.5.25</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">人間福報)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-43710347178369716762012-05-08T15:55:00.000+08:002012-05-08T15:57:26.273+08:00時論 - 言教不如身教?<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">品德教育怎麼教?幾乎所有人都會說:“言教不如身教”,但是這個說法是值得商榷的,尤其在今天這樣的社會。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以農業為主的社會,身教比言教重要是可信的,因為農業社會的社群比較封閉、自足,人們多半的生活都圍繞著一個家族或社區生活,由於農事需要互相幫忙,所以親友鄰里之間的關係緊密,而且以合作為人們之間相處之道,所以比較傾向集體主義。小時候我們家務農為生,每到插秧或割稻季節,都會找鄰居幫忙,雖然也會付工資,但只是象徵性意義,因為下次輪到隔壁要收割,我們也有義務幫忙。這種守望相助、雞犬相聞的社會,每一個人的一舉一動,都曝露在眾人的眼光下,所以身教當然是重要的,因為生活圈幾乎是不變的,村裡的人可能就是你一輩子惟一交往的對象,說一套、做一套的人很難逃過別人的審視。更重要的是,農業社會的道德觀是一致的,生活在其中的人,幾乎從不質疑長輩訴話的道德標準,這種一致性會增加受教者違規的心理壓力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但是進入工商社會以後,人際關係主要不是合作而是競爭,再加上政治自由化,造成個人主義、多元價值。譬如早期台灣社會,男女青年談戀愛如果得不到父母的同意,可能很難繼續走下去,因為在集體主義的社會,婚姻不是個人的事,而是家族的事;現在的男女談戀愛,如果父母不同意,他們大概會對父母說:“這是我家的事,和你們無關”。個人主義社會每一個人都要當家作主,而由於每一個人都有自己的想法,身教就很難具有說服力。尤其進入網路世界,人們接觸到的不是農業社會的單一社群,網路觸角無遠弗屆,使得現在青少年接收到的訊息,遠超過他們的父母,而所得到價值觀也不是單一的,因此父母的道德觀不再是惟一的權威,甚至由於青少年的偶像崇拜心理,父母的影響力遠遠不如知名影歌星或政治人物。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在功利主義、多元價值、道德觀物化的現代社會,父母或老師的身教在青少年眼中,可能代表的是“古板”、“落伍”,因為社會上那些著名的演藝人員或政治人物的作為,都不像父母做的或教的,子女的心中搞不好會認為“怪不得我的父母沒有什麼出息”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">其實現代社會影響孩子品德的因素太過複雜,父母或老師如果不加強道德的說服力,也就是言教,很難實現品德教育的目的。我兒子讀高中的時候,有一天他的導師打電話到家裡,告訴我兒子在學校都講髒話。我把兒子叫來問:“你有沒有聽過爸爸、媽媽、姐姐講過髒話?”他說沒有,表示我們的身教是沒有問題的,但是為什麼我們全家不講髒話,而我兒子卻講?兒子的回答是:“我們全班都講髒話,連女生也講”,可見同儕的壓力,比父母或老師的身教效果大。所以今天這樣一個多元、網路發達的社會,身教是絕對不足的,言教才是關鍵。言教是培養孩子講理、思考、反省、批判,言教成功就是達到說服的效果。如果孩子被道理說服,就是心服,這套道理會變成他自己的道理,而且將來他也會用這套道理檢驗週遭發生的事,不論電視、電影或社會知名人士的言行,他都有能力加以批判和反思,這會使他即使處於污染的環境或接觸不良的價值觀,也不會完全被同化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 我對兒子說髒話的處理方式就是言教,因為顯然我的身教是無效的。我問他說:“你有沒有聽過爸爸的一位好朋友說髒話”,他說有;我接著告訴他:“我的好友偶而說髒話,爸爸從來不說髒話,但是我們卻是很好的朋友,可見真正的朋友不一定每一件事情都一樣;如果你的同學因為你不說髒話就不和你來往,這樣的朋友不交也罷!”青少年同儕的壓力當然很大,但是還是要讓孩子分清楚是非對錯,這種能力就是言教,誰說言教不如身教?(人間福報,<span lang="EN-US">2012. 4. 19</span>)</span>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-73639378846770272362012-05-08T15:52:00.000+08:002012-05-08T15:52:27.467+08:00時論 - 媒體公器私用不是愛台灣<div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 28px;"> 蔡衍明先生在旺中併購中嘉案的公聽會上,一再強調自己愛台灣,這點我一點也不懷疑。然而就像很多父母愛子女一樣,愛的方式如果錯誤,愛之適足以害之,所以只有愛台灣的心還不夠,蔡先生更需要知道如何愛台灣,而從蔡先生經營媒體的作為可以證明:他不適合以投資媒體的方式愛台灣。</span>
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<span style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">新聞自由是自由民主國家最重要的指標。在一個較為成熟的民主國家中,媒體被稱為第四權、社會公器,就是因為人民在定期選舉中,一旦投完票就失去當主人的實質意義,新聞媒體的角色是:在非選舉期間代替人民有效地監督政府,以促進社會和人民的整體利益,所以媒體存在的主要目標和價值是公益而不是私利。因此如果把媒體用來攻擊和自己想法不一樣的人,或者用自己的想法作為檢視內部成員優劣的依據,或者以經營商業的手法經營媒體,而把個人利益置於社會利益之上,不但遺忘媒體應盡的社會責任,也作賤媒體是公器的崇高地位,這不是一個具有胸襟、智慧、格局的“報人”應有的作為。余紀忠先生如果地下有知,一定會對中時集團最近的表現汗顏。更重要的是,把媒體公器私用其實是對民主政治的一大羞辱;因為民主國家的媒體經營者,居然對媒體在民主鞏固和成熟上負有責任一無所知,這不正是昭告世人,我們國家的媒體是民主進步的絆腳石,這種讓台灣民主蒙羞的作法,怎麼是愛台灣?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 蔡先生是一個很成功的生意人,但是媒體不能和一般生意相提並論,它肩負著自由、民主成熟的公共責任。當然台灣的其它媒體也不是十全十美,然而和蔡先生這一陣子的作為相較,只能證明蔡先生實在不適合經營媒體。如果蔡先生真的愛台灣,應該用比較適合他的行業來愛台灣,否則就像一個溺愛子女的父母,到頭來子女不但沒有感激他,反而怨他,這個道理精明幹練的蔡先生難道不懂?(聯合報,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2012.5.8.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)</span></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-82492115597922459762012-04-08T19:02:00.000+08:002012-04-08T19:04:00.107+08:00時論 - 文林苑爭議是憲政民主的關鍵性問題<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">王家祖宅遭台北市政府強力拆除,台北市長郝龍斌的理由是:他只是依法行事,而且《都市更新條例》的目的是為了改善居住環境、增進公共利益,所以不能為了<span lang="EN-US">5</span>﹪而犧牲<span lang="EN-US">95</span>﹪的人的利益。以我們目前社會大眾對民主政治的認知程度,這個說法對許多人是具有說服力的,但是如果理解當代的民主政治並不只是民主,而是憲政民主或自由主義式民主,這個說法就很難立足。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">民主的最高指導原則就是多數決,如果從民主的角度來看,政府的任何決策只要依據多數的意願就合乎民主,而都更條例的精神就是如此,所以郝市長的依法行政不能說毫無根據。但是就是因為純粹以民主的方式執政,非常容易產生多數暴力,蘇格拉底就是在雅典民主政治的多數決下,被判處死刑。如果民主就是政府決策的惟一依據,我們可以透過民主程序,把王永慶先生的遺產全民均分;公投將郭台銘的私人財產捐一半給政府,一定過關;甚至某一個社會上普遍討厭的人,也可能因為多數決而喪失他的投票權,甚至行動自由,只要多數同意如此對待他。換句話說,在一個完全以民主決策的社會,堅定團結的多數,就可以對少數為所欲為。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但是當代的民主並不是如此,只要涉及個人基本權利,不論社會上大多數人會因為剝奪某人的權利而得到多大的利益,都是違反憲政民主的精神。當代美國最重要的法哲學家德沃金指出,權利就像是一張王牌,任何抵觸個人基本權利的作為,都是違憲。個人權利就是個人自由,所有先進民主國家都在憲法中明文規定哪些是個人的基本權利,以確保這些權利不會受到簡單多數之民主表決的侵犯。簡而言之,“權利”和“利益”並不在同一個天平上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">如果用諾貝爾得主海耶克的說法,民主是手段,自由才是目的。當代自由社會用憲法的方式保障個人基本自由,目的就是要讓個人擁有一定的空間,在不侵犯他人均等自由的前提下,自己可以選擇一個自己認為最好的生活方式。而民主,對海耶克以及許多自由主義者而言,只是在各種保障個人自由方式之中,比較好的一種方式而已。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">也許有人會認為,政府把王家祖厝拆掉,是為了給王家更好的居住空間,這樣做有什麼不對?但問題是如果財產權是一個基本權利,政府的好意必須經過王家的同意,強行拆除就是侵犯其權利。譬如你有一頂過時的帽子,你的朋友把你的帽子拿走,隔天還你一頂新的,你的朋友可以這樣做嗎?除非徵得你的同意,否則這樣做就是侵犯你的權利。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">個人是否擁有一些基本權利,就是一個社會是自由或威權的分野,這對一個邁向自由民主成熟國度的台灣極為關鍵。基本權利賦予個人的自由空間,正是任何一個人可以作為一個尊嚴存在者的基本空間,所以是神聖不可侵犯的。所以尊重基本自由的社會,才是一個尊重人的社會。如果只要政府用心良善,就可以不顧個人權利,多數暴力一定猖獗,而個人將喪失任何王牌的保障,成為多數欲望的工具,隨時任人宰割。想想看,歴史上哪一個極權統治的政府不是假藉“這樣做是為人民好”而胡作非為?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這個議題</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的關鍵就是</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">“自由”和“民主”的區別,這是自由主義非常基本的主張,行政院副院長江宜樺是這方面的專家,但是他在關係到自由社會核心價值的重大事件上卻消音,難道也是換一個位子就換一個腦袋?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-66694794034202177592012-04-08T18:58:00.000+08:002012-04-08T18:59:49.614+08:00時論 - 你是台灣人嗎 最近全台櫻花盛開,只要是賞櫻景點,民眾趨之若鶩。但是許多賞櫻民眾愛美只是表面,他們似乎缺少美感的心靈,因為許多賞櫻地點,幾乎都出現垃圾為患的窘境。<br />
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根據媒體報導,二月底台中大坑山區的賞櫻秘境曝光後,每天吸引上千民眾上山賞櫻,但是由於部分民眾缺乏公德心,沿路休息時,把垃圾隨手往山坡丟棄,塑膠帶、飲料瓶、衛生紙、果皮和美景交織成一幅荒謬的圖案。這使得園區外的地主每天都有清理不完的垃圾,抱怨連連。後來雖然有人發起百人淨山活動,然而這件事已經家醜外揚,鳳凰電視台把這則新聞在全中國播送。<br />
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不是只有中台灣的人亂丟垃圾,北台灣的賞櫻客也好不到哪裡。號北台灣最美的賞櫻聖地是淡水的天元宮,上個週末吉野櫻綻放,吸引了大批人潮,然而電視上卻出現一個令人啼笑皆非的畫面:許多民眾把垃圾直接丟在臨近商家門口未開封的飲料罐上。從電視畫面可以清楚看到,即使電視台的攝影機還在拍攝之中,有些人照樣還把手上的垃圾順手一丟。這些人丟棄垃圾的地方明明不是垃圾桶,而且飲料箱看得清清楚楚,但是民眾似乎看到有人這樣丟,就有樣學樣,所以一天下來,這家倒楣的超商門口就成了垃圾堆。美麗的風景旁卻呈現醜陋的人性,喜愛美麗景色的人卻缺少美麗的心,實在有點諷刺。<br />
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另一個諷刺的故事也發生在上週。一名婦人駕車載兩名小孩,行經台北市南海路時,一輛賓士車從逆向切入超車,婦人在驚恐中按了一下喇叭;紅燈時賓士車上的女駕駛停車對這名婦人叫囂:“我有礙到妳嗎?”婦人回應這樣開車實在太跨張了,而賓士車司機則回嘴說:“我不認為很跨張,妳去叫警察沒關係!”<br />
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通常違規駕駛,自己會覺得不好意思,但這名貴婦不但沒有心虛,反而覺得錯在別人,光這點就很跨張;更何況她是逆向跨越雙黃線超車,還一付理直氣壯的樣子責怪別人,這樣不跨張,什麼樣才叫跨張?有能力買得起賓士汽車的人,應該都是相當有錢的人,但是這個賓士女司機的道德素養,顯然和她的財富成反比。一個物質上富有卻心靈貧乏的人,不也是一種諷刺?<br />
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其實公德心是一種文明的指標,它可以顯示一個人或社會的文明程度。一個人沒有公德心、只關心自己利益而管別人感受的人,可以說是文明程度不足的人,所以賓士女司機、風景區亂丟垃圾的人,以及街頭隨時可以看到的那些隨手丟煙蒂、吐檳榔汁的人,都是文明社會中的野蠻人。一身穿金戴銀、手提名牌皮包並不能證明自己高貴;居陋巷、粗茶淡飯,也不表示自己野蠻,因為文明和野蠻的分野在道德。<br />
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如果用德國哲學家康德的說法,人同時具有人性和獸性,而一個不重視道德只在乎自己利益的人,就是只展現了他的獸性或動物性。而具有人性的人則會在乎別人的利益,因為他會想到:“我是人,希望別人以人的方式對待我;而別人也是人,當然也希望我用人的方式對待他。”對一個社會而言,當社會的公德心普遍低落時,即使這個社會的國民所得很高,也只能稱得上是一個暴發戶的社會,離文明還有一段距離。<br />
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前陣子讀到一則大陸交換生的文章,這位陸生表示台灣人民很有愛心,公車或捷運經常可以看到讓座的事件,這些事讓他感到當一個台灣人多麼驕傲。但是這位陸生很痛心的表示,他有兩次在公車上目睹不讓座的年輕人,他很想過去問他:“你是台灣人嗎?”台灣會令陸生感到驕傲,是因為她的文明,下次如果你碰到那些缺乏公德心的人,不只要大聲的問他:“你是台灣人嗎?”還要加上一句政治上最夯的話:“你愛台灣嗎?”(人間福報,2012.3.20)林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5656427707144329084.post-45933658338821201712012-02-23T11:10:00.000+08:002012-05-15T15:32:45.687+08:00100下課程 - 自由主義<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;">100</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">學年度第二學期</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">「自由主義」課程大綱</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">授課教師:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">林火旺</span> <span style="font-family: 標楷體;">教授</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">研究室時間:</span></b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週二</span><span lang="EN-US">14:20-15:10</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">、週四</span><span lang="EN-US">9:10-10:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">研究室:</span></b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">水源校區</span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">哲學系館四樓</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">聯絡電話:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">3366-3408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">E-mail</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">hwlin@ntu.edu.tw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:personname productid="林火旺" w:st="on"><b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">林火旺</span></b></st1:personname><b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">教授的個人網站:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">http://ntuhwlin.blogspot.com/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">「自由主義」</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">CEIBA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">課程網頁:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1002_liberalism</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">教學助理、</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">E-mail</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">、研究室時間與地點:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">陳煥民</span> <span lang="EN-US">d99124007@ntu.edu.tw
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週四</span><span lang="EN-US">14:00-16:00 </span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">水源校區</span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">哲學系館一樓研究生室</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">黃薏文</span> <span lang="EN-US">d99124003@ntu.edu.tw</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">週二</span><span lang="EN-US">13:00-15:00 </span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">水源校區</span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">哲學系館一樓研究生室</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">課程概述</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">我國的憲政體制是一個自由主義式的民主政治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(liberal democracy)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,這是自由主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(liberalism)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">和民主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(democracy)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">結合而成的政治體制。「自由主義」重視的是自由的價值和個人權利,而「民主」則強調平等和自我統治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(self-governance)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,理論上這兩個概念並不是完全相容的,也就是說「自由」和「民主」並不是永遠一致的價值,有可能產生衝突。由於「民主」重視個人的平等性,以及每一個人掌理自己未來前途的決策權,所以「多數決」就是其最高原則,當每一個人對影響到自己的公共政策產生不同意見時,基於人的平等性,多數決自然成為政策決定的合理依據。然而多數的決定不一定是明智的,多數也可能欺壓少數而形成「多數暴力」,因此自由主義所重視的個人自由和權利,有可能會在多數決的決策下被犠牲。因此,當代的民主政治將自由主義的精神和民主決策結合,其實會產生許多的問題,目前我國在政治領域所出現的種種失序現象,都和此一政治體制的內在邏輯相關。如果要培養合格的民主公民,對於自由主義的理解是不可或缺的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">自由主義誕生在十六、七世紀,雖然自由主義傳統只有數百年,但是隨著時代和環境的差異,產生相當多種自由主義的版本,本課程不是歷史性的而是觀念性的探討,主要的焦點是自由主義的基本概念。「個人自由」當然是傳統自由主義最重要的價值,然而「自由」是什麼?其它不同的主義也談自由,自由主義的自由有何特別?本課程透過自由主義大師約翰‧彌勒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(John Stuart Mill)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">的經典名著《論自由》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(On Liberty)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,來探討自由主義的「自由」概念。此外,華爾準</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(Jeremy Waldron)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">這位當代政治哲學家的相關論述,也能幫助同學進一步理解自由主義的核心精神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">其次,當代自由主義因為羅爾斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(John
Rawls)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1971</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">年出版的《正義論》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(A
Theory of Justice)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,而呈現出新的風貌,所以研究當代自由主義,羅爾斯的理論是不可避免的。事實上也因為他的自由主義式正義理論,使得當代政治哲學再度復甦,因此期中考以後將介紹羅爾斯的正義理論。而後將探討自由主義的公民教育與公民德行的議題。事實上,在台灣這個以自由主義立基的民主社會中,國人普遍對「公民應該是什麼樣的面貌?」這個問題缺乏瞭解,本課程希望在這方面對同學的理解有所助益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">課程目標</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">本課程希望透過理論的研讀以及實際議題的分組報告與討論,使同學對自由主義的政治體制有所理解,並凸顯自由民主社會所需要的公民及其應具備的德行。認真學習和充分理解本課程相關內容的同學,應該可以將課堂所學加以應用,檢視當前我國在實際政治上的根本問題,並藉以培養民主社會的公民所應該具有的德行及涵養。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">課程要求</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">上課以講述為主,課堂嚴格禁止私下講話,但歡迎同學針對有疑問的地方發問,或對有興趣的話題進行討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">本課程嚴格評量學生成績,不願意為這門課投入較多心血或喜歡蹺課的同學,都不適合選修這門課。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: '華康楷書體W3(P)';">教材</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <em>On <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Liberty</st1:place></st1:city></em>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Indianapolis</st1:city></st1:place>: Bobbs-Merrill Educational
Publishing, 1956.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">(向雙葉書局集體訂購,每本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">190</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">其他上課教材選自各學者於專書或期刊中發表的論文,以印製講義的方式發放。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 華康楷書體W3;">參考書目</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Rawls, John. <i>A Theory of Justice</i>. <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Harvard</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Rawls, John. <i>Political
Liberalism</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">但昭偉</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">譯述,</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">《重讀彌爾的「自由論」》(</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill on liberty</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">台北:學富文化,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">林火旺,《正義與公民:自由主義的觀點》,宜蘭:佛光人文社會學院出版,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">林火旺,《道德──幸福的必要條件》,寳瓶文化出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">成績評量方式與評分標準</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1.</span><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">成績評量</span></u><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">比重</span></u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">期中考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">40%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,期末考佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">45%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,個人作業佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">,分組報告佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">10%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">個人作業說明</span></u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">:本課程會指定一次個人作業。作業須以電腦繕打,撰寫長度以一頁為原則,並於指定期限內</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">課程網頁。<b>逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</b>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">分組報告說明</span></u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">:所有學生分為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">組(每組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">12-13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">人),主題為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">總統大選。在競選期間你是否看過什麼議題、觀點、事件,合乎或違反自由主義的精神?請蒐集相關資料後並和課程內容作結合與討論。除了在課堂上進行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">分鐘的口頭報告外,各組亦須在口頭報告結束後兩週內將完整的小組報告檔案</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">上傳至</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">CEIBA</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">課程網頁,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">撰寫長度以三頁為原則。此外,在口頭報告時也會邀請各組對其他小組的表現進行票選,以提高學生參與程度。</span><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">逾期繳交者不予計分,請務必準時繳交</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">評分標準</span></u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">:考試與作業的評分標準包括對主題的正確詮釋、論證的正確性與說服力、批判反省與問題提出、表達的清晰流暢性。分組報告之評分標準除上述以外,還包括選題的適當性、運用課堂講授理論知識之程度、個人參與小組討論與負責之程度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">未參與小組討論或不負責任的組員將無法獲得分組報告的成績</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">每週教學進度</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"> 2</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">21</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">課程介紹與導論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_1.ppt"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">28</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">和平紀念日(放假一天)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">06</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 1.<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_2.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 2</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_3.ppt"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 3</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_4.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">27</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On
Liberty</i>, Chapter 4 & 5</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_5.ppt"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">03</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">溫書假(放假一天)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i>, Chapter 5</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">期中考試</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism%20mid%20study%20questions.docx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John
Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberal%20theory.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">01</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Rawls, “A Liberal Theory of Justice”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">08</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">John Rawls, “The Definition and Justification of Civil
Disobedience”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_8.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">William Galston, “Two Concepts of Liberalism”<o:p></o:p></span><a class="hyper" href="https://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/course/1bda7e/content/liberalism1002_9.pptx"><img border="0" src="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/%7Ehwlin/pict/button_dl.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">分組報告</span><span lang="EN-US">I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">分組報告</span><span lang="EN-US">II</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">05</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Will Kymlicka, “Civil Society and Government: A
Liberal-Egalitarian Perspective”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">自由社會的品德教育</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11pt;">期末考試</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>林火旺的個人網站http://www.blogger.com/profile/15168650303466417916noreply@blogger.com0